Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the cause of a global pandemic and the object of numerous studies worldwide. COVID-19 has many clinical manifestations, but smell dysfunction has become its unique “visiting card”. The purpose of this review is to analyze scientific data on anosmia in COVID-19 based on the results of primary research using PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY databases. Olfactory dysfunction is a very common symptom in COVID-19: up to 85% of patients report these subjective sensations, but objective olfactory testing shows a higher prevalence — up to 98%. Up to 27% of patients may experience a sudden onset of anosmia as the first symptom. Therefore, anosmia can be crucial in timely identification of individuals infected with SARS-CoV 2. A feature of olfactory disorders in COVID-19 is the preservation of normal transnasal air flow conditions, when edema, hyperemia of the nasal mucosa and rhinorrhea characteristic of other respiratory viral infections are expressed slightly or aren`t expressed at all. Many studies show that the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity is an area of enhanced binding, replication, and accumulation of SARS-CoV2, which is due to the active expression of two host receptors (APF2 and TMPS2 proteases) by numerous non-neuronal olfactory epithelium cells. It is supposed that supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium are primarily affected, and olfactory receptor neurons and olfactory bulb neurons are affected secondarily. However, the final clinical and pathophysiological significance of olfactory symptoms remains to be determined

Abstract. The mathematical analysis of electroencephalography (EEG) provides information about the functional state of the brain, expands the understanding of the mechanisms of interaction between different areas of the brain, increases the possibilities of diagnostics and allows to put forward new tasks in the field of studying brain activity.
Aim. To assess changes in the gamma-rhythm in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke in the most acute and acute periods in comparison with cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders.
Material and methods. The study included 32 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. All patients underwent complex clinical, neurological, instrumental and laboratory studies. The study and recording of the EEG was carried out on the 1st and 21st days of the disease, lasting 20 minutes. The method of mathematical analysis was used to estimate the power spectra and the peak frequency of the gamma — rhythm of the background EEG.
Results. As a result of the study, it was found that cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders are detected already in the most acute and acute periods of ischemic stroke. In the mathematical analysis of the EEG statistically significant correlations between the gamma — rhythm index and cognitive, anxiety-depressive disorders in the frontal, central temporal areas are noted.
Conclusion. The complex of examination of patients should include, in addition to clinical and neuropsychological research, mathematical analysis of EEG data.

Leukemia-associated myelitis is a rare but underestimated complication. It has a different etiology associated with both, the main disease and its treatment methods. It requires differential diagnosis with funicular myelosis, polyradiculoneuropathy, tumor and hemorrhagic formation, stroke, dysmetabolic manifestations, as well as with the consequences of treatment of the underlying disease using radiation, cytostatic, targeted therapy.It should also be differentiated from paraneoplastic myelopathy and progression of the underlying disease. However,with the help of neuroimaging methods, it can be detected more recently than a detailed clinical picture appears. A case report of myelopathy in a 31 year old patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is presented. Treatment of the underlying disease was carried out with the use of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and targeted therapy. The nature of the disease,i.e. recurrent course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the variety of treatment methods, and the absence of focal changes in neuroimaging in the zone that determines clinical manifestations, made it necessary to consider a wide range of possible etiological factors for the development of myelopathy. Myelopathy was confirmed by MRI 2.5 months after the debut of neurological symptoms, which corresponds to modern concepts and time criteria for visualization in neurooncology. The article presents the criteria for diagnosing myelopathy, a complication of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It should also be differentiated from However, with the help of neuroimaging methods, it can be detected more recently than a detailed clinical picture appears.

Stroke remains one of the most common diseases and causes of death. Reducing mortality from stroke is in great dependence on the effectiveness of its prevention, which, in turn, is impossible without an accurate understanding of its causes and mechanisms of development. The article represents the history of a patient with ischemic cardioembolic stroke that developed against noncompaction cardiomyopathy, a relatively rare disease that can be diagnosed with the use of available modern research methods. The algorithm for examining a patient with suspected cardioembolic stroke includes long-term Holter monitoring, echocardiography, CT and MRI of the heart, which makes it possible to identify rare causes of cardiac thromboembolism. Postexposure prophylaxis of stroke in such cases is likely to include the use of anticoagulants, but studies aimed to clarify most effective methods of recurrent strokes prevention in rare causes of cardiac thromboembolism are still being conducted.

The article represents a clinical case of secondary bacterial meningitis in a patient with meningoencephalocele, craniopathy rarely found in adults. The features of the course of the disease, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Meningoencephalocele is a prolapse of the arachnoid membrane with brain substance due to craniopathy. Most cases of this disease are related to malformations detected in childhood. In adults, meningoencephalocele can be a consequence of injury, iatrogenesis, or some disease of unknown etiology. In this case, we can speak of spontaneous meningoencephalocele. The cause of this pathology is currently considered the effect of increased intracranial pressure on the “vulnerable” cranial areas: the Turkish saddle diaphragm, the walls of the sphenoid sinus, the ethmoid plate. Surgical treatment of intracranial hypertension is another factor likely to influence the occurrence of meningoencephalocele. Nasoliquorrhea is the most common symptom that causes patients with encephalocele health encounter. 33% of those are diagnosed with meningitis. Neuroimaging plays a key role in encephalocele diagnosis. Computed tomography of the brain can detect craniopathy. Leptomeningeal accumulation of contrast agent on T1-weighted images on magnetic resonance imaging indicates inflammation of the meninges in a patient with a clinical picture of meningitis. Encephalocele treatment is surgical. In the clinical case presented in this article, the patient with noncommunicating hydrocephalus and a history of surgical treatment of a colloid cyst was diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Computed tomography of the head revealed a defect of the ethmoid bone and meningoencephalocele. The radiological signs of meningoencephalocele and meningitis are presented according to the data of magnetic resonance imaging in this patient. The patient underwent a two-stage surgical treatment with the use of endoscopic techniques and craniotomy. Four years after the operation, the radiological picture and the outcome of the disease were assessed.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in elderly population leading to the development of dementia. The emergence of modern diagnostic approaches makes possible reveal AD at predementia stage and study new drugs with pathogenetic and neuroprotective properties before severe cognitive impairment (dementia) arises. We present a description of patient with amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment with subsequent follow-up for more than two years. AD presence in mentioned patient was confirmed by evaluation of specific clinical, laboratory and instrumental biomarkers. Therapy with akatinol memantine (one of the main antidementia drugs in AD) at dose 20 mg/day was accompanied by cognitive defect stabilization. After two years of therapy acute severe decompensation related to hypoactive delirium due to respiratory infection was observed, which was followed by marked cognitive status deterioration. Daily dose of akatinol memantine was increased to 30 mg with subsequent restoration of baseline cognitive status. Possible mechanisms of akatinol memantine action and its effects in management of geriatric patients with AD including role in delirium therapy are discussed.

Diet therapy can make a significant contribution to the comprehensive treatment of neurological disorders. The high frequency of malnutrition among patients with neurological profile requires timely and adequate organization of nutritional care in order to preserve somatic health, improve the quality of life and the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation measures. The article represents the problems of nutrition organization in neurological patients, the peculiarities of their nutritional status and ways of its optimization. Nutritional possibilities in neurological practice, including both, the organization of nutritional support and alternative approaches to the treatment of certain pathological conditions, and, in particular, the use of a ketogenic diet in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, are considered.