<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">r-n-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский неврологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian neurological journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-7947</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7192</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МИА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2658-7947-2020-25-4-14-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">r-n-j-95</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL RESEARCHES AND CASE REPORTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности адаптационно-компенсаторных психологических механизмов у больных миастенией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of Adaptive and Compensatory Psychological Mechanisms in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7546-2910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудряшова</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryashova</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vera_orehovaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9481-7411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лутова</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lutova</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лутова Наталия Борисовна — д-р мед. наук, руководитель отделения интегративной фармако-психотерапии психических расстройств, главный научный сотрудник, врач высшей категории, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lutova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра неврологии; отделение неврологии №3, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmrud_h2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вукс</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vuks</surname><given-names>A. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">heiligensee@ro.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стучевская</surname><given-names>Т. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stuchevskaya</surname><given-names>T. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра неврологии; отделение неврологии №3, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">timaMD@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>О. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>O. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отделение неврологии №3, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgaegorova191@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагина</surname><given-names>Н. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagina</surname><given-names>N. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отделение неврологии №3, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nkkulagina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Затаковенко</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zatokovenko</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отделение неврологии №3, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smzatakovenko@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и неврологии им. В.М. Бехтерева» Минздрава России<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России; Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Городская многопрофильная больница №2»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department Neurology, First Pavlov State Medical University; Department Neurology №3, City Clinical Multi-Specialty Hospital №2<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Городская многопрофильная больница №2»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Department Neurology №3, City Clinical Multi-Specialty Hospital №2<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кудряшова В.Ю., Лутова Н.Б., Руденко Д.И., Вукс А.Я., Стучевская Т.Р., Егорова О.Д., Кулагина Н.К., Затаковенко С.М., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кудряшова В.Ю., Лутова Н.Б., Руденко Д.И., Вукс А.Я., Стучевская Т.Р., Егорова О.Д., Кулагина Н.К., Затаковенко С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kudryashova V.Y., Lutova N.B., Rudenko D.I., Vuks A.Y., Stuchevskaya T.R., Egorova O.D., Kulagina N.K., Zatokovenko S.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/95">https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/95</self-uri><abstract><p>Особенностью настоящего исследования стало не только изучение выраженности субъективно ощущаемых психопатологических проявлений и уровня депрессии у больных миастенией, данные о которых встречаются в литературе, — впервые были рассмотрены особенности психологических адаптационно-компенсаторных механизмов. Изучены психологические характеристики восприятия времени, уровень интернальности и смысложизненные ориентации, фундирующие психопатологические проявления. В статье рассматриваются особенности психологических адаптационно-компенсаторных механизмов у больных миастенией через призму выраженности субъективно ощущаемых психопатологических проявлений и характеристик времени, уровня интернальности и смысложизненных ориентаций. Приведены данные современных исследований сходных параметров у пациентов с миастенией.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Анализ адаптационно-компенсаторных психологических механизмов у больных миастенией в сравнении с лицами, не имеющих физических расстройств.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследовании принял участие 61 человек: больные миастенией с диагнозом, установленным на основании клинических проявлений и результатов инструментальных и лабораторных тестов (исследование уровня антител к AchR MuSk) (31 человек), и лица, не имеющие физических отклонений (30 человек). Все участники обследованы экспериментально-психологическими методиками: симптоматический опросник «SCL-90», «Уровень субъективного контроля», тест смысложизненных ориентаций, шкала депрессии А. Бека, опросник «Семантический дифференциал времени».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Пациенты с миастенией предъявляют жалобы на неприятные физические ощущения, навязчивые мысли, иногда отмечают у себя повторяющиеся действия, ритуалы. Им присущи депрессивная симптоматика, наличие страхов, настороженность. Симптомы болезни оцениваются ими как причиняющие сильный дискомфорт. В сравнении с группой контроля они менее присваивают себе свои успехи и неудачи, считают, что их вклад в развитие семейных и производственных отношений невелик, указанные факторы зависят от внешних обстоятельств. В субъективном ощущении психологических характеристик времени настоящее и будущее определяются как малоактивные, их течение кажется неравномерным, слабоструктурированным, плохо прогнозируемым.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные устанавливают мишенецентрированные зоны психологической коррекции с целью стабилизации адаптационно-компенсаторных механизмов больных миастенией — это работа, направленная на коррекцию «Я»-концепции и целеполагания, помогающая личности лучше адаптироваться к хроническому психотравмирующему воздействию, оказываемому болезнью. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The peculiarity of this study was not only the study of the severity of subjectively felt psychopathological manifestations and the level of depression in patients with myasthenia, data on which are found in the literature, but the features of psychological adaptive-compensatory mechanisms were first considered. The psychological characteristics of the perception of time, the level of internality and the meaning of life orientations, substantive psychopathological manifestations are studied. The article discusses the features of psychological adaptive-compensatory mechanisms in patients with myasthenia through the prism of the severity of subjectively felt psychopathological manifestations and characteristics of time, the level of internality, and life-meaning orientations. The data of modern studies of similar parameters in patients with myasthenia are given.</p><p>The purpose of the study is the analysis of adaptive-compensatory psychological mechanisms in patients with myasthenia gravis, in comparison with individuals who do not have physical disorders.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study involved 61 people: patients with myasthenia gravis diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations and the results of instrumental and laboratory tests (study of the level of antibodies to AchR MuSk) (31 people) and people without physical abnormalities (30 people). All participants were examined by experimental psychological methods: symptomatic questionnaire “SCL-90”, “Level of subjective control”, test of lifemeaning orientations, A. Beck’s depression scale, questionnaire “Semantic time differential”.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Patients with myasthenia gravis complain of unpleasant physical sensations, obsessive thoughts, sometimes note repeated actions and rituals. They are characterized by depressive symptoms, the presence of fears, alertness. Symptoms of the disease are assessed by them as causing great discomfort. Compared to the control group, they take less of their successes and failures, consider that their contribution to the development of family and production relations is small, these factors depend on external circumstances. In the subjective sense of the psychological characteristics of time, the present and future are defined as inactive, their course seems uneven, poorly structured, poorly predicted.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The data obtained establish target-centered zones of psychological correction in order to stabilize the adaptive-compensatory mechanisms of patients with myasthenia gravis — this is a work aimed at correcting the self-concept and goal setting, helping the individual to better adapt to the chronic psycho-traumatic effect of the disease.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миастения</kwd><kwd>уровень интернальности</kwd><kwd>смысложизненные ориентации</kwd><kwd>субъективно ощущаемые психопатологические проявления</kwd><kwd>депрессия</kwd><kwd>субъективно ощущаемые характеристики времени</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>myasthenia gravis</kwd><kwd>level of internality</kwd><kwd>life-meaning orientations</kwd><kwd>subjectively felt psychopathological manifestations</kwd><kwd>depression</kwd><kwd>subjectively felt characteristics of time</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Санадзе А.Г. Миастения и миастенические синдромы. М.: Литтерра; 2012:255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanadze A.G. Miasteniya i miastenicheskiye sindromy. M.: Litterra; 2012:255. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazaridis K., Tzartos S.J., Autoantibody Specificities in Myasthenia Gravis; Implications for Improved Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:212. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00212</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazaridis K., Tzartos S.J., Autoantibody Specifi cities in Myasthenia Gravis; Implications for Improved Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Frontiers in Immunology. 2020;11:212. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00212</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillips W.D., Vincent A. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: Update on disease types, Models, and Mechanisms. F1000Research. 2016;27:5. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8206.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillips W.D., Vincent A. Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: Update on disease types, Models, and Mechanisms. F1000Research. 2016;27:5. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8206.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanders D., Wolfe G.I., Benatar M., Evoli A., Gilhus N.E., Illa I. et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2016;87(4):419–25. DOI:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002790</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanders D., Wolfe G.I., Benatar M., Evoli A., Gilhus N.E., Illa I. et al. International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis. Neurology. 2016;87(4):419–25. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002790</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузин М.И. Миастения. М.И. Кузин, Б.М. Гехт. М.: Медицина; 1996:224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzin M.I. Miasteniya. M.I. Kuzin, B.M. Gekht. M.: Meditsina; 1996:224. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лайсек Р.П. Миастения. Р.П. Лайсек, Р.Л. Барчи. М.: Медицина; 1984:272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laysek R.P. Miasteniya. R.P. Laysek, R.L. Barchi. M.: Meditsina; 1984:272. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulaksizoglu IB. Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(6):473–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulaksizoglu IB. Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(6):473–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohr W. Situational anxiety in myasthenia gravis. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie. 2003;43(3–4):93–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohr W. Situational anxiety in myasthenia gravis. Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie. 2003;43(3–4):93–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu H.T., Tseng C.C., Liang C.S., Yeh T.C., Hu L.Y., Yang A.C. et al. Risk of Depressive Disorders Following Myasthenia Gravis: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019;10:481. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00481</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu H.T., Tseng C.C., Liang C.S., Yeh T.C., Hu L.Y., Yang A.C. et al. Risk of Depressive Disorders Following Myasthenia Gravis: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019;10:481. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00481</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрова Н.Н., Чухловина М.Л., Чухловин А.А. Аффективные расстройства у больных миастенией. Обозрение психиатрии и медицинской психологии им. В.М. Бехтерева. 2005;4:79–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrova N.N., Chukhlovina M.L., Chukhlovin A.A. Affective disorders in patients with myasthenia gravis. Obozreniye psikhiatrii i meditsinskoy psikhologii im. V.M. Bekhtereva. 2005;4:79–80. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смулевич А.Б. Депрессии в общей медицине. Руководство для врачей. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2001:782.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smulevich A.B. Depressii v obshchey meditsine. Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey. M.: Meditsinskoye informatsionnoye agentstvo; 2001:782. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смулевич А.Б. Депрессии при соматических и психических заболеваниях. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство; 2003:432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smulevich A.B. Depressii pri somaticheskikh i psikhicheskikh zabolevaniyakh. M.: Meditsinskoye informatsionnoye agentstvo; 2003:432. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заславский Л.Г., Хуршилов А.Б., Скорнякова Е.Н. Качество жизни и психоэмоциональные расстройства у больных миастенией. Клиницист. 2015;4(9):35–38. DOI: 10.17650/1818-8338-2015-10-4-35-38</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaslavskiy LG., Khurshilov AB., Skornyakova YeN. Quality of life and psychoemotional disorders in patients with myasthenia. Klinitsist. 2015;4(9):35–38. (in Russian). DOI: 10.17650/1818-8338-2015-10-4-35-38</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конькова Д.Ю., Карнаух В.Н. Аффективные нарушения примиастении. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2016;8(4):21–24. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2016-4-21-24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konkova DYu, Karnaukh VN. Affective disorders in myasthenia. Nevrologiya, neiropsikhiatriya, psikhosomatika. Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2016;8(4):21–24. (in Russian). DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2016-4-21-24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization QOL Group. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science and Medicine. 1995;41(10):1403–9. DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-K</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization QOL Group. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Position paper from the World Health Organization. Social Science and Medicine. 1995;41(10):1403–9. DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-K</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walklet E., Muse K., Meyrick J., Moss T. Do Psychosocial Interventions Improve Quality of Life and Wellbeing in Adults with Neuromuscular Disorders? A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases. 2016;3(3):347–62. DOI: 10.3233/JND-160155</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walklet E., Muse K., Meyrick J., Moss T. Do Psychosocial Interventions Improve Quality of Life and Wellbeing in Adults with Neuromuscular Disorders? A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases. 2016;3(3):347–62. DOI: 10.3233/JND-160155</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huber M., Knottnerus J.A., Green L., Horst H.V.D., Jadad A.R., Kromhout D. et al. How should we define health? British Medical Journal. 2011;343:4163. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d416</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huber M., Knottnerus J.A., Green L., Horst H.V.D., Jadad A.R., Kromhout D. et al. How should we define health? British Medical Journal. 2011;343:4163. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d416</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burns R.A., Ma J. Examining the association between psychological wellbeing with daily and intra-individual variation in subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences. 2015;82:34–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burns R.A., Ma J. Examining the association between psychological wellbeing with daily and intra-individual variation in subjective wellbeing. Personality and Individual Differences. 2015;82:34–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDonald E., Wiedenfeld S.A., Hillel A., Carpenter C.L., Walter R.A. Survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The role of psychological factors. Archives of neurology. 1994;51(1):17–23. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540130027010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDonald E., Wiedenfeld S.A., Hillel A., Carpenter C.L., Walter R.A. Survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The role of psychological factors. Archives of neurology. 1994;51(1):17–23. DOI: 10.1001/archneur.1994.00540130027010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nierse C.J., Abma T.A., Horemans A.M.C., van Engelen B.G.M. Research priorities of patients with neuromuscular disease. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2013;35(5):405–12. DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.694964</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nierse C.J., Abma T.A., Horemans A.M.C., van Engelen B.G.M. Research priorities of patients with neuromuscular disease. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2013;35(5):405–12. DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2012.694964</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham C.D., Simmons Z., Stuart S.R., Rose M.R. The potential of psychological interventions to improve quality of life and mood in muscle disorders. Muscle and Nerve. 2015;52:131–6. DOI: 10.1002/mus.24487</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham C.D., Simmons Z., Stuart S.R., Rose M.R. The potential of psychological interventions to improve quality of life and mood in muscle disorders. Muscle and Nerve. 2015;52:131–6. DOI: 10.1002/mus.24487</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmons Z., Bremer B.A., Robbins R.A., Walsh S.M., Fischer S. Quality of life in ALS depends on factors other than strength and physical function. Neurology. 2000;55(3):388–92. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.55.3.388</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmons Z., Bremer B.A., Robbins R.A., Walsh S.M., Fischer S. Quality of life in ALS depends on factors other than strength and physical function. Neurology. 2000;55(3):388–92. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.55.3.388</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roach A.R., Averill A.J., Segerstrom S.C., Kasarskis E.J. The dynamics of quality of life in ALS patients and caregivers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;37(2):197–206. DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9092-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roach A.R., Averill A.J., Segerstrom S.C., Kasarskis E.J. The dynamics of quality of life in ALS patients and caregivers. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009;37(2):197–206. DOI: 10.1007/s12160-009-9092-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graham C.D., Weinman J., Sadjadi R., Chalder T., Petty R., Hanna M.G. et al. A multicentre postal survey investigating the contribution of illness perceptions, coping and optimism to quality of life and mood in adults with muscle disease. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2014;28(5):508–19. DOI: 10.1177/0269215513511340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graham C.D., Weinman J., Sadjadi R., Chalder T., Petty R., Hanna M.G. et al. A multicentre postal survey investigating the contribution of illness perceptions, coping and optimism to quality of life and mood in adults with muscle disease. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2014;28(5):508–19. DOI: 10.1177/0269215513511340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бюдженталь Дж.Ф.Т. Искусство психотерапевта. СПб.: Питер; 2015:316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bugental J.F.T. Iskusstvo psikhoterapevta. SPb.: Piter; 2015:316. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антипова Л.Н., Миненко В.В., Шутова И.В. и др. Иммунный статус и психологические особенности больных миастенией. Нейроиммунология. 2004;2(2):7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antipova L.N., Minenko V.V., Shutova I.V. et al. Immune status and psychological characteristics of patients with myasthenia gravis. Neiroimmunologiya. 2004;2(2):7. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьева В.Н., Руин В.А. Влияние психического напряжения на клинические проявления в течение генерализованной формы миастении. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2007;(6):17–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigor’yeva V.N., Ruin V.A. The influence of mental stress on clinical manifestations during the generalized form of myasthenia gravis. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry. 2007;(6):17–26. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краснова О.В., Лидерс А.Г. Психология старости и старения. Хрестоматия. М.: ACADEMA; 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnova O.V., Liders A.G. Psikhologiya starosti I stareniya. Khrestomatiya [The psychology of aging. Reader]. Moscow: ACADEMA; 2003. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева М.В. Подражание в системе поведенческих паттернов взрослого человека. Материалы IV международной научной конференции студентов, аспирантов, молодых ученых «Научный потенциал студенчества в ХХI веке». Т.2. Общественные науки. Ставрополь: Сев. Кав. ГТУ; 2010:211–214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondrat’eva MV. Imitation in a system of behavioral patterns of an adult. Proceedings of the IV international scientific conference of students, postgraduates and young scientists «The Scientific potential of students in the XXI century». Vol.2. SocialSciences. Stavropol’: Sev. Kav. GTU; 2010:211–214. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белова А.Н. Шкалы, тесты и опросники в медицинской реабилитации. М.: Практическая медицина; 2018:696.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belova A.N. Shkaly, testy i oprosniki v meditsinskoy reabilitatsii. M.: Prakticheskaya meditsina; 2018:696. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарабрина Н.В. Практикум по психологии посттравматического стресса. СПб: Питер; 2001:272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarabrina N.V. Praktikum po psikhologii posttravmaticheskogo stressa. SPb: Piter; 2001:272. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Реан А.А. Практическая психодиагностика личности. Учеб. пособие. СПб.: Издательство СПб университета; 2001:224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rean A.A. Prakticheskaya psikhodiagnostika lichnosti. Ucheb. posobiye SPb.: Izdatel’stvo SPb universiteta; 2001:224. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Леонтьев Д.А. Тест смысложизненных ориентации (СЖО). 2-е изд. М.: Смысл; 2000:18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leont’yev D.A. Test smyslozhiznennykh oriyentatsii (SZHO). 2-e izd. M.: Smysl; 2000:18. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин Е.П. Эмоции и чувства. СПб.: Питер; 2001:752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Il’in Ye.P. Emotsii i chuvstva. SPb.: Piter; 2001:752. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вассерман Л.И., Кузнецов О.Н., Ташлыков В.А., Тейверлаур М., Червинская К.Р., Щелкова О.Ю. Семантический дифференциал времени как метод психологической диагностики личности при депрессивных расстройствах. Пособие для психологов и врачей. СПб.: НИПНИ им. Бехтерева; 2005:27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasserman L.I., Kuznetsov O.N., Tashlykov V.A., Teyverlaur M., Chervinskaya K.R., Shchelkova O.Yu. Semanticheskiy differentsial vremeni kak metod psikhologicheskoy diagnostiki lichnosti pri depressivnykh rasstroystvakh. Posobiye dlya psikhologov i vrachey. SPb.: NIPNI im. Bekhtereva; 2005:27. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николаева В.В. Влияние хронической болезни на психику. М.: Издательство Московского университета; 1987:168.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolayeva V.V. Vliyaniye khronicheskoy bolezni na psikhiku. M.: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta; 1987:168. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heatherton T.F., Wagner D.D. Cognitive neuroscience of selfregulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011;15(3):132–139. DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heatherton T.F., Wagner D.D. Cognitive neuroscience of selfregulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2011;15(3):132–139. DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inzlicht M., Schmeichel B.J., Macrae C.N. Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2014;18(3):127–33. DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inzlicht M., Schmeichel B.J., Macrae C.N. Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2014;18(3):127–33. DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rohr W. Obsessive behavior and thoughts in patients with myasthenia gravis. Swiss Archive of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 1992;143(2):105–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rohr W. Obsessive behavior and thoughts in patients with myasthenia gravis. Swiss Archive of Neurology, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 1992;143(2):105–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьева В.Н., Тхостов А.Ш. Психологическая помощь в неврологии. Н. Новгород: издательство ПИМУ; 2009:444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigor’yeva V.N., Tkhostov A.Sh. Psikhologicheskaya pomoshch’ v nevrologii. N. Novgorod: izdatel’stvo PIMU; 2009:444. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alanazy M.H., Binabbad R.S., Alromaih N.I., Almansour R.A., Alanazi S.N., Alhamdi M.F. et al. Severity and depression can impact quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle &amp; Nerve. 2020; 61(1):69–73. DOI: 10.1002/mus.26719</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alanazy M.H., Binabbad R.S., Alromaih N.I., Almansour R.A., Alanazi S.N., Alhamdi M.F. et al. Severity and depression can impact quality of life in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle &amp; Nerve. 2020; 61(1):69–73. DOI: 10.1002/mus.26719</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stojanov A., Milošević V., Đorđević G., Stojanov J. Quality of Life of Myasthenia Gravis Patients in Regard to Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of the Disease. Neurologist. 2019;24(4):115–20. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000238</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stojanov A., Milošević V., Đorđević G., Stojanov J. Quality of Life of Myasthenia Gravis Patients in Regard to Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of the Disease. Neurologist. 2019;24(4):115–20. DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000238</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeong A., Min J.H., Kang Y.K., Kim J., Choi M., Seok J.M. et al. Factors associated with quality of life of people with Myasthenia Gravis. PLOS One. 2018;13(11):e0206754. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206754</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeong A., Min J.H., Kang Y.K., Kim J., Choi M., Seok J.M. et al. Factors associated with quality of life of people with Myasthenia Gravis. PLOS One. 2018;13(11):e0206754. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206754</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bogdan A., Barnett C., Ali A., Al Qwaifly M., Abraham A., Mannan S. et al. Chronic stress, depression and personality type in patients with myasthenia gravis. European Journal of Neurology. 2020;27(1):204–209. DOI:10.1111/ene.14057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogdan A., Barnett C., Ali A., Al Qwaifly M., Abraham A., Mannan S. et al. Chronic stress, depression and personality type in patients with myasthenia gravis. European Journal of Neurology. 2020;27(1):204–209. DOI:10.1111/ene.14057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruddy R., House A. Psychosocial interventions for conversion disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;(4):CD005331. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005331.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruddy R., House A. Psychosocial interventions for conversion disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005;(4):CD005331. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005331.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
