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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">r-n-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский неврологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian neurological journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-7947</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7192</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МИА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2658-7947-2026-31-2-4-14</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">r-n-j-822</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Когнитивные тренировки как инструмент поддержания церебральных резервов и познавательных функций при старении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cognitive training as a tool for maintaining brain reserves and cognitive functions during aging</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-3429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryeva</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vrgr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9845-3523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Машкович</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mashkovich</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">griks@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Григорьева В.Н., Машкович К.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьева В.Н., Машкович К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigoryeva V.N., Mashkovich K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/822">https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/822</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель работы — обобщить современные данные о влиянии когнитивных тренировок (КоТр) на познавательные функции и резервы головного мозга при старении у когнитивно сохранных лиц и пациентов с умеренным когнитивным расстройством (УКР).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведен поиск публикаций в базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar и eLIBRARY.RU за 2018–2025 гг. с использованием сочетаний ключевых слов на русском и английском языках «когнитивные тренировки», «резервы мозга», «нейронные сети мозга», «виртуальная реальность», «коннективность», «здоровые» и «умеренное когнитивное расстройство». В анализ включались полнотекстовые исследования, оценивавшие изолированное влияние КоТр на познавательные функции и (или) показатели резервов головного мозга у здоровых лиц и пациентов с УКР. В результате отбора проанализировано 69 публикаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. КоТр, как правило, представлены стандартизированными, преимущественно компьютеризированными упражнениями, проводимыми с частотой от 2 до 5 раз в неделю, в среднем течение 4–12 недель. Для оценки их эффективности применяются валидизированные нейропсихологические тесты, а также методы нейровизуализации.</p><p>В большинстве рандомизированных контролируемых исследований получены доказательства статистически значимого положительного влияния КоТр на познавательную сферу и функциональное состояние головного мозга, более выраженного у когнитивно сохранных людей, чем у пациентов с УКР. Отмечаются корреляции между степенью улучшения когнитивных функций под влиянием КоТр у людей среднего и пожилого возраста и изменениями показателей функциональной связанности нейронных сетей, толщины церебральной коры и микроструктурной целостности белого вещества мозга.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. КоТр рассматриваются как перспективный метод поддержания когнитивного здоровья при старении, однако существенная гетерогенность методик и недостаточная устойчивость эффекта требуют разработки новых стандартизированных и доступных для практического применения программ когнитивных упражнений.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To summarize current evidence on the effects of cognitive training (CoTr) on cognitive function and brain reserves in cognitively intact individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during aging.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and  methods</title><p>Material and  methods. The authors searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY.RU databases for publications from 2018 to 2025 using combinations of Russian and English keywords: “cognitive training,” “brain reserve,” “brain networks,” “virtual reality,” “connectivity,” “healthy,” and “mild cognitive impairment.” The review included full-text studies assessing the isolated effects of CoTr on cognitive function and/or neurobiological indicators reflecting brain reserve in healthy individuals and patients with MCI. A total of 69 publications were included in the final analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. CoTr programs were typically standardized and predominantly computerized, administered 2–5 times per week over 4–12 weeks. Training effectiveness was assessed using validated neuropsychological measures and neuroimaging techniques. Most randomized controlled trials provided evidence of statistically significant positive effects of CoTr on cognitive performance and brain parameters, with more pronounced benefits observed in cognitively healthy individuals than in patients with MCI. Associations were identified between CoTr-induced cognitive improvements in middle-aged and older adults and changes in functional connectivity of neural networks, cortical thickness, and microstructural integrity of cerebral white matter.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Cognitive training is considered a promising strategy for maintaining cognitive health. However, heterogeneity of existing training protocols and limited durability of effects indicate the need for further development of standardized and available cognitive exercise programs.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>когнитивные тренировки</kwd><kwd>когнитивные функции</kwd><kwd>резервы мозга</kwd><kwd>умеренное когнитивное расстройство</kwd><kwd>старение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cognitive training</kwd><kwd>cognitive functions</kwd><kwd>brain reserves</kwd><kwd>mild cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>aging</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чердак МА, Мхитарян ЭА, Шарашкина НВ, Остапенко ВС, Исаев РИ, Сейфединова АБ, Рунихина НК, Котовская ЮВ, Ткачева ОН, Яхно НН. Распространенность когнитивных расстройств у пациентов старшего возраста в Российской Федерации. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. 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