r-n-jРоссийский неврологический журналRussian neurological journal2658-79472686-7192МИА10.30629/2658-7947-2026-31-1-12-23r-n-j-804Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSПервая помощь при инсульте: современные рекомендации и перспективы усовершенствованияFirst aid for stroke: current recommendations and prospects for improvementhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2789-9760БиркунА. А.BirkunA. A.

Симферополь.

Simferopol.

birkunalexei@gmail.comМедицинский институт им. С.И. Георгиевского, Крымский федеральный университет им. В.И. Вернадского; Крымский республиканский центр медицины катастроф и скорой медицинской помощиРоссияMedical Institute named after S.I. Georgievsky of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University; State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of Republic of Crimea “Crimean Republican Center of Disaster Medicine and Emergency Medical Services”Russian Federation2026270420263111223Copyright © Биркун А.А., 20262026Биркун А.А.Birkun A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/804

При инсульте действия очевидцев имеют решающее значение для своевременной инициации процесса оказания медицинской помощи, предупреждения осложнений и поддержания жизни пострадавшего до прибытия специалистов скорой медицинской помощи. Однако население недостаточно компетентно в вопросах оказания первой помощи при инсульте, что может быть связано с отсутствием единой, действенной организационной основы, учитывающей современные научно обоснованные принципы и методы оказания первой помощи при этом неотложном состоянии. Данная работа выполнена с целью обзора научных исследований и международных практических рекомендаций, касающихся оказания первой помощи при инсульте, и определения приоритетных мер, направленных на становление эффективной практики оказания первой помощи, с учетом особенностей нормативного правового регулирования первой помощи в Российской Федерации. Материал для исследования составили международные и национальные рекомендации и консенсусы по первой помощи, клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению инсультов, а также связанные с темой исследования научные статьи и нормативные правовые акты.

In a stroke, the actions of bystanders are crucial for promptly initiating medical care, preventing complications, and maintaining the victim’s life until emergency medical services arrive. However, the public lacks sufficient knowledge regarding first aid for stroke, possibly due to the lack of a unified and effective organizational framework that incorporates modern, scientifically proven principles and methods for providing first aid in this emergency. This study was conducted to review scientific research and international practical guidelines on first aid for stroke and to identify priority measures aimed at establishing effective first aid practices, taking into account the specific legal framework for first aid in the Russian Federation. The study’s materials included international and national first aid guidelines and consensus documents, clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke, as well as related scientific articles and regulations.

диагностиказаконодательствознанияинсультнеотложные состоянияострое нарушение мозгового кровообращенияпервая помощьрекомендациискорая медицинская помощьdiagnosislegislationknowledgestrokeemergenciesACVAacute cerebrovascular accidentfirst aidguidelinesemergency medical servicesReferencesFeigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins SO, Pandian J, Lindsay P, Grupper MF, Rautalin I. World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025. Int J Stroke. 2025;20(2):132–44. doi: 10.1177/17474930241308142Feigin VL, Brainin M, Norrving B, Martins SO, Pandian J, Lindsay P, Grupper MF, Rautalin I. World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025. Int J Stroke. 2025;20(2):132–44. doi: 10.1177/17474930241308142GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(10):973–1003. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00369-7GBD 2021 Stroke Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(10):973–1003. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(24)00369-7Feigin VL, Owolabi MO, World Stroke Organization–Lancet Neurology Commission Stroke Collaboration Group. Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization-Lancet Neurology Commission. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(12):1160–206. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00277-6Feigin VL, Owolabi MO, World Stroke Organization–Lancet Neurology Commission Stroke Collaboration Group. Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization-Lancet Neurology Commission. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22(12):1160–206. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00277-6Николаев ВА, Николаев АА. Инсульт: статистика и динамика заболеваемости в России. Менеджер Здравоохранения. 2025;6:133–47. doi: 10.21045/1811-0185-2025-6-133-147Nikolaev VA, Nikolaev AA. Stroke: statistics and dynamics of morbidity in Russia. Manager Zdravookhranenia = Healthcare Manager. 2025;6:133–47. doi: 10.21045/1811-0185-2025-6133-147 (In Russ.).Xu J, Hou S, Chen Z, Liu Y, Deng X, Wang C, Liu S, Wang Y. The burden of ischemic stroke in Eastern Europe from 1990 to 2021. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12883-02504081-zXu J, Hou S, Chen Z, Liu Y, Deng X, Wang C, Liu S, Wang Y. The burden of ischemic stroke in Eastern Europe from 1990 to 2021. BMC Neurol. 2025;25(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12883-02504081-zФедеральная служба государственной статистики. Естественное движение населения Российской Федерации за 2023 год. Доступно по ссылке: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_2023.xlsxFederal State Statistics Service. Natural Population Changes of the Russian Federation for 2023. Available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_2023.xlsx (In Russ.).Mainz J, Andersen G, Valentin JB, Gude MF, Johnsen SP. Treatment Delays and Chance of Reperfusion Therapy in Patients with Acute Stroke: A Danish Nationwide Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2023;52(3):275–82. doi: 10.1159/000526733Mainz J, Andersen G, Valentin JB, Gude MF, Johnsen SP. Treatment Delays and Chance of Reperfusion Therapy in Patients with Acute Stroke: A Danish Nationwide Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2023;52(3):275–82. doi: 10.1159/000526733Lee EJ, Kim SJ, Bae J, Lee EJ, Kwon OD, Jeong HY, Kim Y, Jeong HB. Impact of onset-to-door time on outcomes and factors associated with late hospital arrival in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PloS One. 2021;16(3):e0247829. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247829Lee EJ, Kim SJ, Bae J, Lee EJ, Kwon OD, Jeong HY, Kim Y, Jeong HB. Impact of onset-to-door time on outcomes and factors associated with late hospital arrival in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PloS One. 2021;16(3):e0247829. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247829Hewett Brumberg EK, Douma MJ, Alibertis K, Charlton NP, Goldman MP, Harper-Kirksey K, Hawkins SC, Hoover AV, Kule A, Leichtle S, McClure SF, Wang GS, Whelchel M, White L, Lavonas EJ; American Heart Association and American Red Cross. 2024 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. Circulation. 2024;150(24):e519–79. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001281Hewett Brumberg EK, Douma MJ, Alibertis K, Charlton NP, Goldman MP, Harper-Kirksey K, Hawkins SC, Hoover AV, Kule A, Leichtle S, McClure SF, Wang GS, Whelchel M, White L, Lavonas EJ; American Heart Association and American Red Cross. 2024 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines for First Aid. Circulation. 2024;150(24):e519–79. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001281Djärv T, Rogers J, Semeraro F, Brädde L, Cassan P, Cimpoesu D, van Goor S, Klaassen B, Laermans J, Meyran D, Singletary EM, Mellett-Smith A, Thilakasiri K, Zideman D. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 First Aid. Resuscitation. 2025;215 Suppl 1:110752. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110752Djärv T, Rogers J, Semeraro F, Brädde L, Cassan P, Cimpoesu D, van Goor S, Klaassen B, Laermans J, Meyran D, Singletary EM, Mellett-Smith A, Thilakasiri K, Zideman D. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 First Aid. Resuscitation. 2025;215 Suppl 1:110752. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110752Smyth MA, van Goor S, Hansen CM, Fijačko N, Nakagawa NK, Raff ay V, Ristagno G, Rogers J, Scquizzato T, Smith CM, Spartinou A, Wolfgang K, Perkins GD; ERC Adult Basic Life Support Collaborators. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215 Suppl 1:110771. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110771Smyth MA, van Goor S, Hansen CM, Fijačko N, Nakagawa NK, Raff ay V, Ristagno G, Rogers J, Scquizzato T, Smith CM, Spartinou A, Wolfgang K, Perkins GD; ERC Adult Basic Life Support Collaborators. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Basic Life Support. Resuscitation. 2025;215 Suppl 1:110771. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110771Protano C, Cammalleri V, Zanni S, Valeriani F, Liguori G, Spica VR, Vitali M, Gallè F. Knowledge and self-perceived competence about cardiopulmonary resuscitation among youths: a cross-sectional study in a sample of Italian undergraduates. Ann Ig. 2024;36(5):588–96. doi: 10.7416/ai.2024.2628Protano C, Cammalleri V, Zanni S, Valeriani F, Liguori G, Spica VR, Vitali M, Gallè F. Knowledge and self-perceived competence about cardiopulmonary resuscitation among youths: a cross-sectional study in a sample of Italian undergraduates. Ann Ig. 2024;36(5):588–96. doi: 10.7416/ai.2024.2628Babateen O, Almuzil N, Alhazmi A, Alghamdi R, Alkhazaim S, Alanazi R, Alabdulqader H, Al Mansour A, Alzahrani K, Tawakul A. Knowledge and awareness level of KSA population towards warning signs, first aid, and RF of stroke. Pharmacophore. 2023;14(S1):e-723-8778.Babateen O, Almuzil N, Alhazmi A, Alghamdi R, Alkhazaim S, Alanazi R, Alabdulqader H, Al Mansour A, Alzahrani K, Tawakul A. Knowledge and awareness level of KSA population towards warning signs, first aid, and RF of stroke. Pharmacophore. 2023;14(S1):e-723-8778.Choudhary M. Knowledge and awareness regarding stroke among general population: A cross-sectional survey. J Appl Sci Clin Pract. 2021;2(2):42–5. doi: 10.4103/jascp.jascp_8_21Choudhary M. Knowledge and awareness regarding stroke among general population: A cross-sectional survey. J Appl Sci Clin Pract. 2021;2(2):42–5. doi: 10.4103/jascp.jascp_8_21Zhong X, Wang J, He L, Xu R. Recognition of stroke-related knowledge among community residents and the improvement after intensive health education: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):373. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01951-6Zhong X, Wang J, He L, Xu R. Recognition of stroke-related knowledge among community residents and the improvement after intensive health education: a cross-sectional study. BMC Neurol. 2020;20(1):373. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01951-6Saade S, Hallit S, Salameh P, Hosseini H. Knowledge and Response to Stroke Among Lebanese Adults: A Population-Based Survey. Front Public Health. 2022;10:891073. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.891073Saade S, Hallit S, Salameh P, Hosseini H. Knowledge and Response to Stroke Among Lebanese Adults: A Population-Based Survey. Front Public Health. 2022;10:891073. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.891073Богдан ИВ, Гурылина МВ, Чистякова ДП, Чер ИС, Шамалов НА. Осведомленность населения Москвы об инсульте и просветительская политика (результаты социологического исследования). Проблемы социальной гигиены здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2020;28(S2):1056–61. doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s2-1056-1061Bogdan IV, Gurylina MV, Chistyakova DP, Cher IS, Shamalov NA. Moscow population awareness of stroke and educational policy (survey results). Problemy sotsial’noy gigiyeny zdravookhraneniya i istorii meditsiny = The problems of social hygiene, public health and history of medicine. 2020;28(S2):1056–61. (In Russ.). doi: 10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s2-1056-1061Albalawi MF, Shaqran T, Alhawiti SH, Alwadiee AS, Albalawi YM, Albalawi WH. Eff ect of an educational intervention on knowledge and perception of individuals at risk for stroke in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2020;25(1):18–24. doi: 10.17712/nsj.2020.1.20190018Albalawi MF, Shaqran T, Alhawiti SH, Alwadiee AS, Albalawi YM, Albalawi WH. Eff ect of an educational intervention on knowledge and perception of individuals at risk for stroke in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences (Riyadh). 2020;25(1):18–24. doi: 10.17712/nsj.2020.1.20190018Birkun AA. Dataset of comparative analysis of international and national recommendations on fi rst aid for stroke. Mendeley Data. 2025;V1. doi: 10.17632/6fxz8prccr.1Birkun AA. Dataset of comparative analysis of international and national recommendations on fi rst aid for stroke. Mendeley Data. 2025;V1. doi: 10.17632/6fxz8prccr.1Паштанова ОИ. Роль информированности населения в приверженности к профилактике острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения. Бюллетень Медицинских Интернет-Конференций. 2017;7(7):1360–1Pashtanova OI. The role of population awareness in commitment to prevention of acute cerebrovascular accidents. Byulleten’ Meditsinskikh Internet-Konferentsiy = Bulletin Of Medical Internet Conferences. 2017;7(7):1360–1. (In Russ.).Шнякин ПГ, Исаева НВ, Ермакова ИЕ, Литвинюк НВ, Ковалева ЮО, Усатова ИС. Анализ эффективности мероприятий по ознакомлению населения с симптомами инсульта и алгоритмом действий при их возникновении. Эффективная Фармакотерапия. 2017;33:6–8Shnyakin PG, Isayeva NV, Yermakova IYe, Litvinyuk NV, Kovaleva YuO, Usatova IS. Analysis of measure eff ectiveness of the public information on the stroke symptoms and the fi rst aid algorithm. Eff ektivnaya Farmakoterapiya = Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2017;33:6–8 (In Russ.).Щаницын ИН, Раздорская ВВ, Колоколов ОВ, Лукина ЕВ, Лойко ВС, Пархоменко АА. Уровень знаний населения о факторах риска, принципах диагностики, лечения и профилактики острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения: анализ результатов опроса 2014 и 2017 годов. Саратовский Научно-Медицинский Журнал. 2018;14(1):177–85Shchanitsyn IN, Razdorskaya VV, Kolokolov OV, Lukina EV, Loyko VS, Parkhomenko AA. Public knowledge of risk factors, signs and treatment of stroke: analysis of the survey results in 2014 and 2017. Saratovskiy Nauchno-Meditsinskiy Zhurnal = Saratov Scientific and Medical Journal. 2018;14(1):177– 85 (In Russ.).Коломейцев МГ, Старков АС. Проблемные вопросы обучения населения навыкам оказания первой помощи при остром нарушении мозгового кровообращения. Вестник Российской Военно-Медицинской Академии. 2019;S3:73–4Kolomeytsev MG, Starkov AS. Problematic issues of teaching the population fi rst aid skills in acute cerebrovascular accident. Vestnik Rossiyskoy Voyenno-Meditsinskoy Akademii = Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2019;S3:73–4 (In Russ.).Шамалов НА, Шетова ИМ, Анисимова АВ, Гордеев МН, Анисимов КВ. Повышение информированности населения о симптомах инсульта. Программа Департамента здравоохранения Москвы. Профилактическая Медицина. 2018;21(3):21–30. doi: 10.17116/profmed201821321Shamalov NA, Shetova IM, Anisimova AV, Gordeev MN, Anisimov KV. Promoting public awareness of stroke symptoms. The program of the Moscow Healthcare Department. Profilakticheskaya Meditsina = Preventive Medicine. 2018;21(3):21–30. doi: 10.17116/profmed201821321 (In Russ.).Проклова ТН, Лебедева ДИ, Туровинина ЕФ, Елфимова ИВ, Орлова АС. Школы для пациентов с инсультом и их родственников. Бюллетень Национального научно-исследовательского института общественного здоровья имени НА Семашко. 2018;5:38–49. doi: 10.25742/NRIPH.2018.05.006Proklova TN, Lebedeva JI, Turovinina EF, Elfi mova IV, Orlova AS. Schools for stroke patients and their relatives. Byulleten’ Natsional’nogo nauchno-issledovatel’skogo instituta obshchestvennogo zdorov’ya imeni NA Semashko = Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2018;5:38–49. doi: 10.25742/NRIPH.2018.05.006 (In Russ.).Rioux B, Brissette V, Marin FF, Lindsay P, Keezer MR, Poppe AY. The Impact of Stroke Public Awareness Campaigns Differs Between Sociodemographic Groups. Can J Neurol Sci. 2022;49(2):231–8. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2021.76Rioux B, Brissette V, Marin FF, Lindsay P, Keezer MR, Poppe AY. The Impact of Stroke Public Awareness Campaigns Differs Between Sociodemographic Groups. Can J Neurol Sci. 2022;49(2):231–8. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2021.76Bull Iversen A, Paaske Johnsen S, Christensen B, Bondo Christensen M, Andersen G. The impact of a Danish stroke campaign: A cross-sectional study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;145(1):102– 10. doi: 10.1111/ane.13531Bull Iversen A, Paaske Johnsen S, Christensen B, Bondo Christensen M, Andersen G. The impact of a Danish stroke campaign: A cross-sectional study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;145(1):102– 10. doi: 10.1111/ane.13531Liu Y, Wang D, Chu M, Yang Z, Luo Y, Wang D, Zhao J. Value of the stroke 1-2-0 prehospital stroke education system: the experience of a general practitioner team. BMC Neurol. 2023;23(1):431. doi: 10.1186/s12883-023-03476-0Liu Y, Wang D, Chu M, Yang Z, Luo Y, Wang D, Zhao J. Value of the stroke 1-2-0 prehospital stroke education system: the experience of a general practitioner team. BMC Neurol. 2023;23(1):431. doi: 10.1186/s12883-023-03476-0Yuan J, Li M, Liu Y, Xiong X, Zhu Z, Liu F, Wang Y, Hu W, Lu ZK, Liu R, Zhao J. Analysis of Time to the Hospital and Ambulance Use Following a Stroke Community Education Intervention in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2212674. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12674Yuan J, Li M, Liu Y, Xiong X, Zhu Z, Liu F, Wang Y, Hu W, Lu ZK, Liu R, Zhao J. Analysis of Time to the Hospital and Ambulance Use Following a Stroke Community Education Intervention in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2212674. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12674Heuschmann PU, Zweynert S, Sobesky J, Nolte CH, Audebert HJ, Hantke C, Koennecke HC, Kalic M, Berger K, Endres M. Eff ects of a Public Awareness Campaign on Time to and Way of Hospital Admission After Stroke. SAGE Open. 2021;11(1):21582440219. doi: 10.1177/2158244021989275Heuschmann PU, Zweynert S, Sobesky J, Nolte CH, Audebert HJ, Hantke C, Koennecke HC, Kalic M, Berger K, Endres M. Eff ects of a Public Awareness Campaign on Time to and Way of Hospital Admission After Stroke. SAGE Open. 2021;11(1):21582440219. doi: 10.1177/2158244021989275Wenstrup J, Blomberg SN, Christensen H, Folke F, Christensen HC, Kruuse C. Dispatcher Stroke/TIA Recognition in Emergency Medical Call Center and Out-of-Hours Service Calls in Copenhagen, Denmark. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023;13(6):e200197. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200197Wenstrup J, Blomberg SN, Christensen H, Folke F, Christensen HC, Kruuse C. Dispatcher Stroke/TIA Recognition in Emergency Medical Call Center and Out-of-Hours Service Calls in Copenhagen, Denmark. Neurol Clin Pract. 2023;13(6):e200197. doi: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200197Abbas AY, Odom EC, Nwaise I. Association Between Dispatch Complaint and Critical Prehospital Time Intervals in Suspected Stroke 911 Activations in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System, 2012-2016. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(3):106228. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106228Abbas AY, Odom EC, Nwaise I. Association Between Dispatch Complaint and Critical Prehospital Time Intervals in Suspected Stroke 911 Activations in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System, 2012-2016. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(3):106228. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106228Leto N, Farbu E, Barach P, Busch M, Lund H, Bjørshol CA, Kurz M, Fromm A, Østerås Ø, Hagen LT, Lindner TW. Reducing time delays and enhancing reperfusion eligibility related to stroke suspicion by the Emergency Medical Dispatch Centre: a registry based observational study. Emerg Med J. 2025;42(9):599–605. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2024-214294Leto N, Farbu E, Barach P, Busch M, Lund H, Bjørshol CA, Kurz M, Fromm A, Østerås Ø, Hagen LT, Lindner TW. Reducing time delays and enhancing reperfusion eligibility related to stroke suspicion by the Emergency Medical Dispatch Centre: a registry based observational study. Emerg Med J. 2025;42(9):599–605. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2024-214294Evenson KR, Brice JH, Rosamond WD, Lellis JC, Christian JB, Morris DL. Statewide survey of 911 communication centers on acute stroke and myocardial infarction. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007;11(2):186–91. doi: 10.1080/10903120701205174Evenson KR, Brice JH, Rosamond WD, Lellis JC, Christian JB, Morris DL. Statewide survey of 911 communication centers on acute stroke and myocardial infarction. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2007;11(2):186–91. doi: 10.1080/10903120701205174Caceres JA, Adil MM, Jadhav V, Chaudhry SA, Pawar S, Rodriguez GJ, Suri MF, Qureshi AI. Diagnosis of stroke by emergency medical dispatchers and its impact on the prehospital care of patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(8):e610-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.039Caceres JA, Adil MM, Jadhav V, Chaudhry SA, Pawar S, Rodriguez GJ, Suri MF, Qureshi AI. Diagnosis of stroke by emergency medical dispatchers and its impact on the prehospital care of patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(8):e610-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.039Li X, Hu Q, Gregg A. An integrated spatio-temporal analysis of emergency medical service response characteristics for stroke events across Alabama. J Transp Health. 2021;20:101018. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101018Li X, Hu Q, Gregg A. An integrated spatio-temporal analysis of emergency medical service response characteristics for stroke events across Alabama. J Transp Health. 2021;20:101018. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101018International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid & Resuscitation Guidelines 2011. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/international-first-aid-resuscitation-guidelines-2011/International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid & Resuscitation Guidelines 2011. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/international-first-aid-resuscitation-guidelines-2011/International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines 2016. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/2016-firstaid-international-guidelines/International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines 2016. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/2016-firstaid-international-guidelines/International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines 2020. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/international-first-aid-resuscitation-and-educationguidelines-2020-2/International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. International First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines 2020. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/resource/international-first-aid-resuscitation-and-educationguidelines-2020-2/Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Chang WT, Jensen JL, Swain JM, Woodin JA, Blanchard IE, Herrington RA, Pellegrino JL, Hood NA, Lojero-Wheatley LF, Markenson DS, Yang HJ; First Aid Chapter Collaborators. Part 9: First Aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S269311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000278Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Chang WT, Jensen JL, Swain JM, Woodin JA, Blanchard IE, Herrington RA, Pellegrino JL, Hood NA, Lojero-Wheatley LF, Markenson DS, Yang HJ; First Aid Chapter Collaborators. Part 9: First Aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132(16 Suppl 1):S269311. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000278Singletary EM, Zideman DA, Bendall JC, Berry DC, Borra V, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Djärv T, Douma MJ, Epstein JL, Hood NA, Markenson DS, Meyran D, Orkin AM, Sakamoto T, Swain JM, Woodin JA; First Aid Science Collaborators. 2020 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_1):S284–334. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000897Singletary EM, Zideman DA, Bendall JC, Berry DC, Borra V, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Djärv T, Douma MJ, Epstein JL, Hood NA, Markenson DS, Meyran D, Orkin AM, Sakamoto T, Swain JM, Woodin JA; First Aid Science Collaborators. 2020 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_1):S284–334. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000897Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, Ng KC, Olasveengen TM, Singletary EM, Soar J, Cheng A, Drennan IR, Liley HG, Scholefi eld BR, Smyth MA, Welsford M, Zideman DA, Acworth J, Aickin R, Andersen LW, Atkins D, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Bray JE, Breckwoldt J, Callaway CW, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Castrén M, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Couto TB, Dainty KN, Davis PG, de Almeida MF, de Caen AR, Deakin CD, Djärv T, Donnino MW, Douma MJ, Duff JP, Dunne CL, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Finn J, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Kawakami MD, Kim HS, Kleinman M, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk PJ, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin YJ, Lockey AS, Maconochie IK, Madar RJ, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Morgan P, Morrison LJ, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, O’Neill BJ, Ong YG, Orkin AM, Paiva EF, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Pellegrino JL, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Trevisanuto D, Van de Voorde P, Wang TL, Weiner GM, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Nolan JP, Berg KM; Collaborators. 2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2022;146(25):e483–557. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001095Wyckoff MH, Greif R, Morley PT, Ng KC, Olasveengen TM, Singletary EM, Soar J, Cheng A, Drennan IR, Liley HG, Scholefi eld BR, Smyth MA, Welsford M, Zideman DA, Acworth J, Aickin R, Andersen LW, Atkins D, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Bray JE, Breckwoldt J, Callaway CW, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Castrén M, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Couto TB, Dainty KN, Davis PG, de Almeida MF, de Caen AR, Deakin CD, Djärv T, Donnino MW, Douma MJ, Duff JP, Dunne CL, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Finn J, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Kawakami MD, Kim HS, Kleinman M, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk PJ, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin YJ, Lockey AS, Maconochie IK, Madar RJ, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Morgan P, Morrison LJ, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, O’Neill BJ, Ong YG, Orkin AM, Paiva EF, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Pellegrino JL, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Trevisanuto D, Van de Voorde P, Wang TL, Weiner GM, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Nolan JP, Berg KM; Collaborators. 2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2022;146(25):e483–557. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001095Greif R, Bray JE, Djärv T, Drennan IR, Liley HG, Ng KC, Cheng A, Douma MJ, Scholefi eld BR, Smyth M, Weiner G, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Anderson N, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Phil Chung S, Considine J, Cortegiani A, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Couto TB, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, de Caen AR, Deakin CD, Debaty G, Del Castillo J, Dewan M, Dicker B, Djakow J, Donoghue AJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Escalante-Kanashiro R, Fabres J, Farquharson B, Fawke J, de Almeida MF, Fernando SM, Finan E, Finn J, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hansen CM, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hooper S, Hoover AV, Hsieh MJ, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Josephsen J, Katheria A, Kawakami MD, Kleinman M, Kloeck D, Ko YC, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Laermans J, Lagina A, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Han Lim S, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Lopez-Herce J, Lukas G, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, Madar J, Martinez-Mejas A, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, Mausling R, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Montgomery W, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Moskowitz AL, Myburgh M, Nabecker S, Nadkarni V, Nakwa F, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall G, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen T, Olaussen A, Ong G, Orkin A, Parr MJ, Perkins GD, Pocock H, Rabi Y, Raff ay V, Raitt J, Raymond T, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Rossano J, Rüdiger M, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer G, Schnaubelt S, Seidler AL, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Solevåg AL, Soll R, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Thilakasiri K, Tijssen J, Tiwari LK, Topjian A, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Welsford M, Wyckoff MH, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP, Berg KM. 2024 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2024;150(24):e580–687. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001288Greif R, Bray JE, Djärv T, Drennan IR, Liley HG, Ng KC, Cheng A, Douma MJ, Scholefi eld BR, Smyth M, Weiner G, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Anderson N, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Carlson JN, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Phil Chung S, Considine J, Cortegiani A, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Couto TB, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, de Caen AR, Deakin CD, Debaty G, Del Castillo J, Dewan M, Dicker B, Djakow J, Donoghue AJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Escalante-Kanashiro R, Fabres J, Farquharson B, Fawke J, de Almeida MF, Fernando SM, Finan E, Finn J, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hansen CM, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hooper S, Hoover AV, Hsieh MJ, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Josephsen J, Katheria A, Kawakami MD, Kleinman M, Kloeck D, Ko YC, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Laermans J, Lagina A, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Han Lim S, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Lopez-Herce J, Lukas G, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, Madar J, Martinez-Mejas A, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, Mausling R, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Montgomery W, Morley PT, Morrison LJ, Moskowitz AL, Myburgh M, Nabecker S, Nadkarni V, Nakwa F, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall G, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen T, Olaussen A, Ong G, Orkin A, Parr MJ, Perkins GD, Pocock H, Rabi Y, Raff ay V, Raitt J, Raymond T, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Rossano J, Rüdiger M, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer G, Schnaubelt S, Seidler AL, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Solevåg AL, Soll R, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Thilakasiri K, Tijssen J, Tiwari LK, Topjian A, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Welsford M, Wyckoff MH, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP, Berg KM. 2024 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2024;150(24):e580–687. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001288Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Singletary EM, Cassan P, Chalkias AF, Evans TR, Hafner CM, Handley AJ, Meyran D, Schunder-Tatzber S, Vandekerckhove PG. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid. Resuscitation. 2015;95:278–87. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.031Zideman DA, De Buck ED, Singletary EM, Cassan P, Chalkias AF, Evans TR, Hafner CM, Handley AJ, Meyran D, Schunder-Tatzber S, Vandekerckhove PG. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid. Resuscitation. 2015;95:278–87. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.031Zideman DA, Singletary EM, Borra V, Cassan P, Cimpoesu CD, De Buck E, Djärv T, Handley AJ, Klaassen B, Meyran D, Oliver E, Poole K. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: First aid. Resuscitation. 2021;161:270–90. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.013Zideman DA, Singletary EM, Borra V, Cassan P, Cimpoesu CD, De Buck E, Djärv T, Handley AJ, Klaassen B, Meyran D, Oliver E, Poole K. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: First aid. Resuscitation. 2021;161:270–90. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.013Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. Australian Resuscitation Council/Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation Guidelines. Guideline 9.2.2 — Stroke. Available at: https://www.anzcor.org/home/new-guidelinepage-2/guideline-9-2-2-strokeAustralian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation. Australian Resuscitation Council/Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation Guidelines. Guideline 9.2.2 — Stroke. Available at: https://www.anzcor.org/home/new-guidelinepage-2/guideline-9-2-2-strokeBelgian Red Cross. Basic First Aid in Africa. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BFA_Africa-HR-min.pdfBelgian Red Cross. Basic First Aid in Africa. Available at: https://www.globalfirstaidcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BFA_Africa-HR-min.pdfSt. John Ambulance Association (India, Indian Red Cross Society. Indian First Aid Manual 2016, 7th edition. Available at: https://ircsstoragedev.blob.core.windows.net/wordpresswebsite/2024/03/FA-manual.pdfSt. John Ambulance Association (India, Indian Red Cross Society. Indian First Aid Manual 2016, 7th edition. Available at: https://ircsstoragedev.blob.core.windows.net/wordpresswebsite/2024/03/FA-manual.pdfCanadian Red Cross Society. First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines: 2020 Clinical and Education Updates for Canada. Available at: https://www.redcross.ca/crc/documents/Training-and-Certification/First-Aid-Tips-and-Resources/CRC_FA_Guidelines_E_EN_20201130.pdfCanadian Red Cross Society. First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines: 2020 Clinical and Education Updates for Canada. Available at: https://www.redcross.ca/crc/documents/Training-and-Certification/First-Aid-Tips-and-Resources/CRC_FA_Guidelines_E_EN_20201130.pdfPek JH. Guidelines for Bystander First Aid 2016. Singapore Med J. 2017;58(7):411–7. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2017062Pek JH. Guidelines for Bystander First Aid 2016. Singapore Med J. 2017;58(7):411–7. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2017062Zarisfi F, Pek JH, Oh JHH, Loke JH, Lim SH. Singapore First Aid Guidelines 2021. Singapore Med J. 2021;62(8):427–32. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2021112Zarisfi F, Pek JH, Oh JHH, Loke JH, Lim SH. Singapore First Aid Guidelines 2021. Singapore Med J. 2021;62(8):427–32. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2021112Singletary EM, Charlton NP, Epstein JL, Ferguson JD, Jensen JL, MacPherson AI, Pellegrino JL, Smith WW, Swain JM, LojeroWheatley LF, Zideman DA. Part 15: First Aid: 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines Update for First Aid. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S574-589. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000269Singletary EM, Charlton NP, Epstein JL, Ferguson JD, Jensen JL, MacPherson AI, Pellegrino JL, Smith WW, Swain JM, LojeroWheatley LF, Zideman DA. Part 15: First Aid: 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Guidelines Update for First Aid. Circulation. 2015;132(18 Suppl 2):S574-589. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000269Pellegrino JL, Charlton NP, Carlson JN, Flores GE, Goolsby CA, Hoover AV, Kule A, Magid DJ, Orkin AM, Singletary EM, Slater TM, Swain JM. 2020 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Focused Update for First Aid. Circulation. 2020;142(17):e287–303. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000900Pellegrino JL, Charlton NP, Carlson JN, Flores GE, Goolsby CA, Hoover AV, Kule A, Magid DJ, Orkin AM, Singletary EM, Slater TM, Swain JM. 2020 American Heart Association and American Red Cross Focused Update for First Aid. Circulation. 2020;142(17):e287–303. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000900Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, Monsieurs KG, Raff ay V, Smyth M, Soar J, Svavarsdottir H, Perkins GD. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation. 2021;161:98–114. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G, Castren M, Handley A, Kuzovlev A, Monsieurs KG, Raff ay V, Smyth M, Soar J, Svavarsdottir H, Perkins GD. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation. 2021;161:98–114. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.009Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Kurz MC, Lavonas EJ, Morley PT, O’Neil BJ, Peberdy MA, Rittenberger JC, Rodriguez AJ, Sawyer KN, Berg KM; Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Writing Group. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S366–468. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, Donnino MW, Drennan IR, Hirsch KG, Kudenchuk PJ, Kurz MC, Lavonas EJ, Morley PT, O’Neil BJ, Peberdy MA, Rittenberger JC, Rodriguez AJ, Sawyer KN, Berg KM; Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Writing Group. Part 3: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support: 2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2020;142(16_suppl_2):S366–468. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000916Meyran D, Cassan P, Avau B, Singletary E, Zideman DA. Stroke Recognition for First Aid Providers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11386. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11386Meyran D, Cassan P, Avau B, Singletary E, Zideman DA. Stroke Recognition for First Aid Providers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2020;12(11):e11386. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11386Биркун АА, Дежурный ЛИ, Баранова НН. Оказание первой помощи при гипогликемии: обзор современных рекомендаций. Медицина катастроф. 2025;2:82–88. doi: 10.33266/2070-1004-2025-2-82-88Birkun AA, Dezhurnyy LI, Baranova NN. First aid for hypoglycemia: a review of current recommendations. Meditsina katastrof = Disaster Medicine. 2025;2:82–88. (In Russ.). doi: 10.33266/2070-1004-2025-2-82-88Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, Liley HG, Greif R, Carlson JN, Morley PT, Drennan IR, Smyth M, Scholefield BR, Weiner GM, Cheng A, Djärv T, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Andersen LW, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Bittencourt Couto T, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, de Almeida MF, De Caen AR, Deakin CD, Dicker B, Douma MJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Fijacko N, Finn JC, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Kawakami MD, Kim HS, Kleinman ME, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, Madar RJ, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Monnelly V, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen TM, Ong YG, Orkin AM, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Raitt J, Ramachandran S, Ramaswamy VV, Raymond TT, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Topjian AA, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Wyckoff MH, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP; Collaborators. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2023;148(24):e187–280. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001179Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, Liley HG, Greif R, Carlson JN, Morley PT, Drennan IR, Smyth M, Scholefield BR, Weiner GM, Cheng A, Djärv T, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Andersen LW, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Bittencourt Couto T, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, de Almeida MF, De Caen AR, Deakin CD, Dicker B, Douma MJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Fijacko N, Finn JC, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Kawakami MD, Kim HS, Kleinman ME, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, Madar RJ, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Monnelly V, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen TM, Ong YG, Orkin AM, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Raitt J, Ramachandran S, Ramaswamy VV, Raymond TT, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Topjian AA, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Wyckoff MH, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP; Collaborators. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation. 2023;148(24):e187–280. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001179Australian and New Zealand Living Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management. Available at: https://informme.org.au/guidelines/living-clinical-guidelines-for-stroke-managementAustralian and New Zealand Living Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management. Available at: https://informme.org.au/guidelines/living-clinical-guidelines-for-stroke-managementHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Acute Stroke Management, 7th Edition, Update 2022. Available at: https://www.strokebestpractices.ca/-/media/1-stroke-best-practices/acute-stroke-management/csbpr7-acute-stroke-management-module-final-eng-2022.pdf?rev=44cca46747ed4f4c8870b8a135184f5aHeart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Acute Stroke Management, 7th Edition, Update 2022. Available at: https://www.strokebestpractices.ca/-/media/1-stroke-best-practices/acute-stroke-management/csbpr7-acute-stroke-management-module-final-eng-2022.pdf?rev=44cca46747ed4f4c8870b8a135184f5aLou M, Ding J, Hu B, Zhang Y, Li H, Tan Z, Wan Y, Xu AD; Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update on organizational stroke management. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5(3):260–9. doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000355Lou M, Ding J, Hu B, Zhang Y, Li H, Tan Z, Wan Y, Xu AD; Chinese Stroke Association Stroke Council Guideline Writing Committee. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of cerebrovascular disorders: executive summary and 2019 update on organizational stroke management. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2020;5(3):260–9. doi: 10.1136/svn-2020-000355Liu L, Li Z, Zhou H, Duan W, Huo X, Xu W, Li S, Nie X, Liu H, Liu J, Sun D, Wei Y, Zhang G, Yuan W, Zheng L, Liu J, Wang D, Miao Z, Wang Y. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases: executive summary and 2023 update. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2023;8(6):e3. doi: 10.1136/svn-2023-002998Liu L, Li Z, Zhou H, Duan W, Huo X, Xu W, Li S, Nie X, Liu H, Liu J, Sun D, Wei Y, Zhang G, Yuan W, Zheng L, Liu J, Wang D, Miao Z, Wang Y. Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases: executive summary and 2023 update. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2023;8(6):e3. doi: 10.1136/svn-2023-002998Malaysian Society of Neurosciences. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Management of Ischaemic Stroke. 3rd ed. Available at: https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/CPG/CARDIOVASCULAR/CPG_Management_of_Ischaemic_Stroke_3rd_Edition_2020_28.02_.2021_.pdfMalaysian Society of Neurosciences. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Management of Ischaemic Stroke. 3rd ed. Available at: https://www.moh.gov.my/moh/resources/Penerbitan/CPG/CARDIOVASCULAR/CPG_Management_of_Ischaemic_Stroke_3rd_Edition_2020_28.02_.2021_.pdfКлинические рекомендации: Ишемический инсульт и транзиторная ишемическая атака у взрослых. Доступно по ссылке: https://psyrus.ru/med_psy/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii/insult_12042022.pdfClinical practice guidelines: Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in adults. Available at: https://psyrus.ru/med_psy/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii/insult_12042022.pdf (In Russ.).Клинические рекомендации: Геморрагический инсульт. Доступно по ссылке: https://ruans.org/Text/Guidelines/hemorrhagic-stroke-2022.pdfClinical practice guidelines: Hemorrhagic stroke. Available at: https://ruans.org/Text/Guidelines/hemorrhagic-stroke-2022.pdf (In Russ.).Клинические рекомендации: Ишемический инсульт и транзиторная ишемическая атака. Доступно по ссылке: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/814_1Clinical guidelines: Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Available at: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/814_1 (In Russ.).National Clinical Guideline for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023 edition. Available at: https://www.strokeguideline.org/app/uploads/2023/04/National-Clinical-Guideline-forStroke-2023.pdf?_gl=1*1tdlfel*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTQ0NDgzMDUyMy4xNzU5OTk4NTE0*_ga_EE3BZMVLRT*czE3NTk5OTg1MTMkbzEkZzEkdDE3NTk5OTg1MTckajU2JGwwJGgwNational Clinical Guideline for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. 2023 edition. Available at: https://www.strokeguideline.org/app/uploads/2023/04/National-Clinical-Guideline-forStroke-2023.pdf?_gl=1*1tdlfel*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTQ0NDgzMDUyMy4xNzU5OTk4NTE0*_ga_EE3BZMVLRT*czE3NTk5OTg1MTMkbzEkZzEkdDE3NTk5OTg1MTckajU2JGwwJGgwGreenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, Dowlatshahi D, Francis B, Goldstein JN, Hemphill JC. 3rd, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Mack WJ, Mocco J, Newton EJ, Ruff IM, Sansing LH, Schulman S, Selim MH, Sheth KN, Sprigg N, Sunnerhagen KS; American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. 2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022;53(7):e282–361. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000407Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, Dowlatshahi D, Francis B, Goldstein JN, Hemphill JC. 3rd, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Mack WJ, Mocco J, Newton EJ, Ruff IM, Sansing LH, Schulman S, Selim MH, Sheth KN, Sprigg N, Sunnerhagen KS; American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. 2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022;53(7):e282–361. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000407Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, Chou S.H-Y., Cruz-Flores S, Dangayach NS, Derdeyn CP, Du R, Hänggi D, Hetts SW, Ifejika NL, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Leslie-Mazwi TM, LuckeWold B, Rabinstein AA, Robicsek SA, Stapleton CJ, Suarez JI, Tjoumakaris SI, Welch BG. 2023 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54(7):e314–70. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000436Hoh BL, Ko NU, Amin-Hanjani S, Chou S.H-Y., Cruz-Flores S, Dangayach NS, Derdeyn CP, Du R, Hänggi D, Hetts SW, Ifejika NL, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Leslie-Mazwi TM, LuckeWold B, Rabinstein AA, Robicsek SA, Stapleton CJ, Suarez JI, Tjoumakaris SI, Welch BG. 2023 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2023;54(7):e314–70. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000436Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Philippines. Available at: https://www.strokesocietyphilippines.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CPG2024.pdfClinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke and Intracerebral Hemorrhage in the Philippines. Available at: https://www.strokesocietyphilippines.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CPG2024.pdfMiyamoto S, Ogasawara K, Kuroda S, Itabashi R, Toyoda K, Itoh Y, Iguchi Y, Shiokawa Y, Takagi Y, Ohtsuki T, Kinouchi H, Okada Y, Takahashi JC, Nakase H, Kakuda W.; Committee for Stroke Guideline 2021, the Japan Stroke Society. Japan Stroke Society Guideline 2021 for the Treatment of Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(9):1039–49. doi: 10.1177/17474930221090347Miyamoto S, Ogasawara K, Kuroda S, Itabashi R, Toyoda K, Itoh Y, Iguchi Y, Shiokawa Y, Takagi Y, Ohtsuki T, Kinouchi H, Okada Y, Takahashi JC, Nakase H, Kakuda W.; Committee for Stroke Guideline 2021, the Japan Stroke Society. Japan Stroke Society Guideline 2021 for the Treatment of Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(9):1039–49. doi: 10.1177/17474930221090347Alabama 9-1-1 Board and Alabama Department of Public Health Offi ce of Emergency Medical Services. Alabama Emergency Medical Dispatch Guidebook. Available at: https://www.al911board.com/sites/default/files/2023-08/ALEMD%20Guidebook%20-%20Electronic%20Version%20-%20Modified%20ALL%20CALLERS%20and%20COVID%2019%20Alert.pdfAlabama 9-1-1 Board and Alabama Department of Public Health Offi ce of Emergency Medical Services. Alabama Emergency Medical Dispatch Guidebook. Available at: https://www.al911board.com/sites/default/files/2023-08/ALEMD%20Guidebook%20-%20Electronic%20Version%20-%20Modified%20ALL%20CALLERS%20and%20COVID%2019%20Alert.pdfOffice of Emergency Medical Services, Department of Health, State of New Jersey. State of New Jersey Emergency Medical Dispatch Guidecards. Available at: https://www.nj.gov/911/documents/resource/EMD%20Guidecards%202022%20elec%20proj%20Ebola.pdfOffice of Emergency Medical Services, Department of Health, State of New Jersey. State of New Jersey Emergency Medical Dispatch Guidecards. Available at: https://www.nj.gov/911/documents/resource/EMD%20Guidecards%202022%20elec%20proj%20Ebola.pdfСтатья 31. Первая помощь. Федеральный закон от 21.11.2011 N 323-ФЗ (ред. от 23.07.2025) “Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации”. Доступно по ссылке: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121895/1fff5edb8554edf5149be5e82cbb6340f23a7474/#dst689Article 31. First Aid. Federal Law of 21.11.2011 N 323-FZ (as amended on 23.07.2025) “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation”. Available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_121895/1fff5edb8554edf5149be5e82cbb6340f23a7474/#dst689 (In Russ.)].Приказ Минздрава России от 03.05.2024 N 220н “Об утверждении Порядка оказания первой помощи”. Доступно по ссылке: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_477698/87ddf9ecec1e3fc321100f5a3d70c6a5e2d25504/Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 03.05.2024 N 220n “On approval of the Procedure for providing first aid”. Available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_477698/87ddf9ecec1e3fc321100f5a3d70c6a5e2d25504/ (In Russ.)]Alijanpour S, Mostafazdeh-Bora M, Ahmadi Ahangar A. Different Stroke Scales; Which Scale or Scales Should Be Used? Caspian J Intern Med. 2021;12(1):1–21. doi: 10.22088/cjim.12.1.1Alijanpour S, Mostafazdeh-Bora M, Ahmadi Ahangar A. Different Stroke Scales; Which Scale or Scales Should Be Used? Caspian J Intern Med. 2021;12(1):1–21. doi: 10.22088/cjim.12.1.1

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.