r-n-jРоссийский неврологический журналRussian neurological journal2658-79472686-7192МИА10.30629/2658-7947-2025-30-4-4-9r-n-j-723Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSЭмоциональные и волевые расстройства после инсультаEmotional and volitional disorders after strokehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-0677ПизоваН. В.PizovaN. V.

Ярославль, Россия

Yaroslavl, Russia

pizova@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-675XПизовА. В.PizovA. V.

Ярославль, Россия

Yaroslavl, Russia

Ярославский государственный медицинский университетРоссияYaroslavl State Medical UniversityRussian FederationЯрославский государственный педагогический университет им. К.Д. УшинскогоРоссияYaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. UshinskyRussian Federation20250410202530449Copyright © Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В., 20252025Пизова Н.В., Пизов А.В.Pizova N.V., Pizov A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/723

Инсульт остается серьезной проблемой современной медицины. Эмоциональные и волевые расстройства после инсульта разнообразны и включают депрессию, тревогу, раздражительность, посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство, апатию и др. Представлены данные по распространенности и основных причинах развития данных расстройств. Рассмотрены возможные механизмы их развития, основные фармакологические и нефармакологические методы коррекции.

Stroke is a serious medical problem. Emotional and volitional consequences after stroke are varied and include depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, irritability and apathy, and other emotional and behavioral conditions. The review presents current data on the frequency, prevalence and main causes of the development of emotional and volitional disorders after stroke. Possible mechanisms of their development and. pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of correction of these disorders are considerated.

постинсультные депрессиятревогаапатияусталостьпосттравматическое стрессовое расстройствоpost-stroke depressionanxietyapathyfatiguepost-traumatic stress disorder after strokeReferencesDevereux N, Berns AM. Evaluation & Treatment of Psychological Eff ects of Stroke. Dela J Public Health. 2023;9(3):62–69. doi: 10.32481/djph.2023.08.011Devereux N, Berns AM. Evaluation & Treatment of Psychological Eff ects of Stroke. Dela J Public Health. 2023;9(3):62–69. doi: 10.32481/djph.2023.08.011Hackett M.L., Köhle S., O’Brien J.T., Mead G.E. Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(5):525–34. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70016-XHackett M.L., Köhle S., O’Brien J.T., Mead G.E. Neuropsychiatric outcomes of stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(5):525–34. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70016-XZhang S., Xu M., Liu Z.-J., Feng J., Ma Y. Neuropsychiatric issues after stroke: Clinical signifi cance and therapeutic implications. World J Psychiatry. 2020;10(6):125–138. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v10.i6.125Zhang S., Xu M., Liu Z.-J., Feng J., Ma Y. Neuropsychiatric issues after stroke: Clinical signifi cance and therapeutic implications. World J Psychiatry. 2020;10(6):125–138. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v10.i6.125Robinson R.G., Jorge R.E. Post-stroke depression: A review. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(3):221–31. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363Robinson R.G., Jorge R.E. Post-stroke depression: A review. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(3):221–31. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363Towfi ghi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, Hackett ML, Jorge RE, Kissela BM, Mitchell PH, Skolarus LE, Whooley MA, Williams LS; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Poststroke Depression: A Scientifi c Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48(2):e30–e43. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000113Towfi ghi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, Hackett ML, Jorge RE, Kissela BM, Mitchell PH, Skolarus LE, Whooley MA, Williams LS; American Heart Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Poststroke Depression: A Scientifi c Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48(2):e30–e43. doi: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000113Hart S, Morris R. Screening for depression after stroke: an exploration of professionals’ Compliance with guidelines. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22:60–70. doi: 10.1177/0269215507079841Hart S, Morris R. Screening for depression after stroke: an exploration of professionals’ Compliance with guidelines. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22:60–70. doi: 10.1177/0269215507079841Guo S.Q., Zhao G.Z., Li S.T., Yao Q., Han L., Li B., Wang H, Liu Y-J, Zhao B-X. Moxibustion for treating patients with poststroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2022;11(1):85–97. doi: 10.21037/apm-21-3421Guo S.Q., Zhao G.Z., Li S.T., Yao Q., Han L., Li B., Wang H, Liu Y-J, Zhao B-X. Moxibustion for treating patients with poststroke depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Palliat Med. 2022;11(1):85–97. doi: 10.21037/apm-21-3421Chun H.-Y.Y., Ford A., Kutlubaev M., Almeida O., Mead G. Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide After Stroke: A Narrative Review of the Best Available Evidence. Stroke. 2022;53:1402–1410. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035499Chun H.-Y.Y., Ford A., Kutlubaev M., Almeida O., Mead G. Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide After Stroke: A Narrative Review of the Best Available Evidence. Stroke. 2022;53:1402–1410. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.035499Medeiros G.C., Roy D., Kontos N., Beach S.R. Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2020;66:70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011Medeiros G.C., Roy D., Kontos N., Beach S.R. Post-stroke depression: A 2020 updated review. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2020;66:70–80. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.011Ayerbe L., Ayis S., Crichton S., Wolfe C.D., Rudd A.G. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: The South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013;44:1105–1110. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340Ayerbe L., Ayis S., Crichton S., Wolfe C.D., Rudd A.G. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: The South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013;44:1105–1110. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340Liu L, Xu M, Marshall IJ, Wolfe CD, Wang Y, O’Connell MD. Prevalence and natural history of depression after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004200Liu L, Xu M, Marshall IJ, Wolfe CD, Wang Y, O’Connell MD. Prevalence and natural history of depression after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS Med. 2023;20(3):e1004200. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004200Guo J., Wang J., Sun W., Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022;269(3):1236–1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4Guo J., Wang J., Sun W., Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022;269(3):1236–1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4De Ryck A., Brouns R., Geurden M., Elseviers M., De Deyn P.P., Engelborghs S. Risk factors for poststroke depression: Identifi cation of inconsistencies based on a systematic review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2014;27(3):147–58. doi: 10.1177/0891988714527514De Ryck A., Brouns R., Geurden M., Elseviers M., De Deyn P.P., Engelborghs S. Risk factors for poststroke depression: Identifi cation of inconsistencies based on a systematic review. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2014;27(3):147–58. doi: 10.1177/0891988714527514Shi Y., Yang D., Zeng Y., Wu W. Risk factors for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:218. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00218Shi Y., Yang D., Zeng Y., Wu W. Risk factors for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:218. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00218Mayman N.A., Tuhrim S., Jette N., Dhamoon M.S., Stein L.K. Sex diff erences in post-stroke depression in the elderly. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(9):105948. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105948Mayman N.A., Tuhrim S., Jette N., Dhamoon M.S., Stein L.K. Sex diff erences in post-stroke depression in the elderly. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021;30(9):105948. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105948Volz M., Ladwig S., Werheid K. Gender diff erences in poststroke depression: A longitudinal analysis of prevalence, persistence and predictive value of known risk factors. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2021;31(1):1–17. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1648301Volz M., Ladwig S., Werheid K. Gender diff erences in poststroke depression: A longitudinal analysis of prevalence, persistence and predictive value of known risk factors. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2021;31(1):1–17. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2019.1648301Pan A., Sun Q., Okereke O.I., Rexrode K M., Hu F.B. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: A meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011;306(11):1241–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1282Pan A., Sun Q., Okereke O.I., Rexrode K M., Hu F.B. Depression and risk of stroke morbidity and mortality: A meta-analysis and systematic review. JAMA. 2011;306(11):1241–9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1282Ladwig S., Werheid K., Südmeyer M., Volz M. Predictors of post-stroke depression: Validation of established risk factors and introduction of a dynamic perspective in two longitudinal studies. Front Psychiatry. 2023:14:1093918. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1093918Ladwig S., Werheid K., Südmeyer M., Volz M. Predictors of post-stroke depression: Validation of established risk factors and introduction of a dynamic perspective in two longitudinal studies. Front Psychiatry. 2023:14:1093918. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1093918Wijeratne T., Sales C. Understanding why post-stroke depression may be the norm rather than the exception: The anatomical and neuroinfl ammatory correlates of post-stroke depression. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8):1674. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081674Wijeratne T., Sales C. Understanding why post-stroke depression may be the norm rather than the exception: The anatomical and neuroinfl ammatory correlates of post-stroke depression. J Clin Med. 2021;10(8):1674. doi: 10.3390/jcm10081674Mitchell A.J., Sheth B., Gill J., Yadegarfar M., Stubbs B., Yadegarfar M., Meader N. Prevalence and predictors of post-stroke mood disorders: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of depression, anxiety and adjustment disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017:47:48–60. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.001Mitchell A.J., Sheth B., Gill J., Yadegarfar M., Stubbs B., Yadegarfar M., Meader N. Prevalence and predictors of post-stroke mood disorders: A meta-analysis and meta-regression of depression, anxiety and adjustment disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017:47:48–60. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.001Zanella C., Laures-Gore J., Dotson V.M., Belagaje S.R. Incidence of post-stroke depression symptoms and potential risk factors in adults with aphasia in a comprehensive stroke center. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2023;30(5):448–458. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2070363Zanella C., Laures-Gore J., Dotson V.M., Belagaje S.R. Incidence of post-stroke depression symptoms and potential risk factors in adults with aphasia in a comprehensive stroke center. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2023;30(5):448–458. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2070363Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, Semyonov M, Frenkel A, Boyko M. Pathophysiology and Current Drug Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):15114. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315114Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, Semyonov M, Frenkel A, Boyko M. Pathophysiology and Current Drug Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):15114. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315114Ji X.W., Wu C.L., Wang X.C., Liu J., Bi J.Z., Wang D.Y. Monoamine neurotransmitters and fi broblast growth factor-2 in the brains of rats with post-stroke depression. Exp. Ther. Med. 2014;8:159–164. doi: 10.3892/etm.2014.1674Ji X.W., Wu C.L., Wang X.C., Liu J., Bi J.Z., Wang D.Y. Monoamine neurotransmitters and fi broblast growth factor-2 in the brains of rats with post-stroke depression. Exp. Ther. Med. 2014;8:159–164. doi: 10.3892/etm.2014.1674Broomfi eld N.M., Quinn T.J., Abdul-Rahim A.H., Walters M.R., Evans J.J. Depression and anxiety symptoms post-stroke/TIA: Prevalence and associations in cross-sectional data from a regional stroke registry. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:198. doi: 10.1186/s12883-014-0198-8Broomfi eld N.M., Quinn T.J., Abdul-Rahim A.H., Walters M.R., Evans J.J. Depression and anxiety symptoms post-stroke/TIA: Prevalence and associations in cross-sectional data from a regional stroke registry. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:198. doi: 10.1186/s12883-014-0198-8Burton C.A., Murray J., Holmes J., Astin F., Greenwood D., Knapp P. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(7):545–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00906.x26. Knapp P., Dunn-Roberts A., Sahib N., Cook L., Astin F., Kontou E., Thomas, S.A. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int JBurton C.A., Murray J., Holmes J., Astin F., Greenwood D., Knapp P. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(7):545–59. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00906.x26. Knapp P., Dunn-Roberts A., Sahib N., Cook L., Astin F., Kontou E., Thomas, S.A. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int JStroke. 2020;15(3):244–255. doi: 10.1177/1747493019896958Stroke. 2020;15(3):244–255. doi: 10.1177/1747493019896958Li W, Xiao WM, Chen YK, Qu JF, Liu YL, Fang XW, Weng H-Y, Luo G-P. Anxiety in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors and Eff ects on Functional Status. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:257. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00257Li W, Xiao WM, Chen YK, Qu JF, Liu YL, Fang XW, Weng H-Y, Luo G-P. Anxiety in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors and Eff ects on Functional Status. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:257. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00257Rafsten L, Danielsson A, Sunnerhagen KS. Anxiety after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(9):769–778. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2384Rafsten L, Danielsson A, Sunnerhagen KS. Anxiety after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(9):769–778. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2384Lincoln NB, Brinkmann N, Cunningham S, Dejaeger E, De Weerdt W, Jenni W, Mahdzir A, Putman K, Schupp W, Schuback B, De Wit L. Anxiety and depression after stroke: a 5 year follow-up. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(2):140–5. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.691939Lincoln NB, Brinkmann N, Cunningham S, Dejaeger E, De Weerdt W, Jenni W, Mahdzir A, Putman K, Schupp W, Schuback B, De Wit L. Anxiety and depression after stroke: a 5 year follow-up. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(2):140–5. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2012.691939Wang J, Zhao D, Lin M, Huang X, Shang X. Post-stroke Anxiety Analysis via Machine Learning Methods. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:657937. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.657937Wang J, Zhao D, Lin M, Huang X, Shang X. Post-stroke Anxiety Analysis via Machine Learning Methods. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:657937. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.657937Chun H.Y., Whiteley W.N., Dennis M.S., Mead G.E., Carson A.J. Anxiety after stroke: The importance of subtyping. Stroke. 2018;49(3):556–564. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020078Chun H.Y., Whiteley W.N., Dennis M.S., Mead G.E., Carson A.J. Anxiety after stroke: The importance of subtyping. Stroke. 2018;49(3):556–564. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020078Ayerbe L., Ayis S.A., Crichton S., Wolfe C.D.A., Rudd A.G. Natural history, predictors and associated outcomes of anxiety up to 10 years after stroke: The South London Stroke Register. Age Ageing. 2014;43(4):542–7. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft208Ayerbe L., Ayis S.A., Crichton S., Wolfe C.D.A., Rudd A.G. Natural history, predictors and associated outcomes of anxiety up to 10 years after stroke: The South London Stroke Register. Age Ageing. 2014;43(4):542–7. doi: 10.1093/ageing/aft208Wright F., Wu S., Chun H.-Y.Y., Mead G. Factors associated with poststroke anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke Res Treat. 2017:2017:2124743. doi: 10.1155/2017/2124743Wright F., Wu S., Chun H.-Y.Y., Mead G. Factors associated with poststroke anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke Res Treat. 2017:2017:2124743. doi: 10.1155/2017/2124743Allsop SA, Vander Weele CM, Wichmann R, Tye KM. Optogenetic insights on the relationship between anxiety-related behaviors and social defi cits. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:241. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00241Allsop SA, Vander Weele CM, Wichmann R, Tye KM. Optogenetic insights on the relationship between anxiety-related behaviors and social defi cits. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:241. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00241Westlye LT, Bjørnebekk A, Grydeland H, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Linking an anxiety-related personality trait to brain white matter microstructure: diff usion tensor imaging and harm avoidance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(4):369–77. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.24Westlye LT, Bjørnebekk A, Grydeland H, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB. Linking an anxiety-related personality trait to brain white matter microstructure: diff usion tensor imaging and harm avoidance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(4):369–77. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.24Kronenberg G., Schöner J., Levitanus M., Alvarado Balderrama A.V., Geran R., Laumeier I., Gertz, K. The importance of previous lifetime trauma in stroke-induced PTSD symptoms and mental health outcomes. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;136:589–594. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.033Kronenberg G., Schöner J., Levitanus M., Alvarado Balderrama A.V., Geran R., Laumeier I., Gertz, K. The importance of previous lifetime trauma in stroke-induced PTSD symptoms and mental health outcomes. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;136:589–594. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.033Ferro J.M., Caeiro L., Figueira M.L. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke. Nature Reviews. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(5):269–80. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.46Ferro J.M., Caeiro L., Figueira M.L. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke. Nature Reviews. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(5):269–80. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.46Edmondson D., Richardson S., Fausett J.K., Falzon L., Howard V.J., Kronish I.M. Prevalence of PTSD in survivors of stroke and transient ischemic attack: A meta-analytic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66435. doi: 0.1371/journal.pone.0066435Edmondson D., Richardson S., Fausett J.K., Falzon L., Howard V.J., Kronish I.M. Prevalence of PTSD in survivors of stroke and transient ischemic attack: A meta-analytic review. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66435. doi: 0.1371/journal.pone.0066435Vanwoerden S, Stepp SD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, alternative model conceptualization of borderline personality disorder: A review of the evidence. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):402–406. doi: 10.1037/per0000563Vanwoerden S, Stepp SD. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, alternative model conceptualization of borderline personality disorder: A review of the evidence. Personal Disord. 2022;13(4):402–406. doi: 10.1037/per0000563Kronish I.M., Edmondson D., Goldfi nger J.Z., Fei K., Horowitz C.R. Posttraumatic stress disorder and adherence to medications in survivors of strokes and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 2012;43(8):2192–7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655209Kronish I.M., Edmondson D., Goldfi nger J.Z., Fei K., Horowitz C.R. Posttraumatic stress disorder and adherence to medications in survivors of strokes and transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 2012;43(8):2192–7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.655209Goldfi nger J.Z., Edmondson D., Kronish I.M., Fei K., Balakrishnan R., Tuhrim S., Horowitz C.R. Correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder in stroke survivors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(5):1099–105. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.09.019Goldfi nger J.Z., Edmondson D., Kronish I.M., Fei K., Balakrishnan R., Tuhrim S., Horowitz C.R. Correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder in stroke survivors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23(5):1099–105. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.09.019Pedowitz E., Derby L., Cruz G.J., Trainor A., Edmondson D., Cornelius T. Relationship between NIH stroke symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients evaluated for transient ischemic attack/stroke. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021:70:98–102. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.03.004Pedowitz E., Derby L., Cruz G.J., Trainor A., Edmondson D., Cornelius T. Relationship between NIH stroke symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in patients evaluated for transient ischemic attack/stroke. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021:70:98–102. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.03.004Tang WK, Wang L, F Tsoi KK, Rutovic S, Kim JS. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Stroke: A Systematic Review. Neurol India. 2022;70(5):1887–1895. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.359285Tang WK, Wang L, F Tsoi KK, Rutovic S, Kim JS. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Stroke: A Systematic Review. Neurol India. 2022;70(5):1887–1895. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.359285De Groot MH, Phillips SJ, Eskes GA. Fatigue associated with stroke and other neurologic conditions: Implications for stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(11):1714–20. 10.1053/s0003-9993(03)00346-0.De Groot MH, Phillips SJ, Eskes GA. Fatigue associated with stroke and other neurologic conditions: Implications for stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(11):1714–20. 10.1053/s0003-9993(03)00346-0.Cumming TB, Packer M, Kramer SF, English C. The prevalence of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(9):968–977. doi: 10.1177/1747493016669861Cumming TB, Packer M, Kramer SF, English C. The prevalence of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(9):968–977. doi: 10.1177/1747493016669861Alghamdi I, Ariti C, Williams A, Wood E, Hewitt J. Prevalence of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6(4):319–332. doi: 10.1177/23969873211047681Alghamdi I, Ariti C, Williams A, Wood E, Hewitt J. Prevalence of fatigue after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Stroke J. 2021;6(4):319–332. doi: 10.1177/23969873211047681Pedersen A, Almkvist E, Holmegaard L, Lagging C, Redfors P, Blomstrand C, Jood K, Samuelsson H, Jern C. Fatigue 7-years post-stroke: Predictors and correlated features. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;146(3):295–303. doi: 10.1111/ane.13665Pedersen A, Almkvist E, Holmegaard L, Lagging C, Redfors P, Blomstrand C, Jood K, Samuelsson H, Jern C. Fatigue 7-years post-stroke: Predictors and correlated features. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;146(3):295–303. doi: 10.1111/ane.13665Zhou J, Fangma Y, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Post-Stroke Neuropsychiatric Complications: Types, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Intervention. Aging Dis. 2023;14(6):2127–2152. doi: 10.14336/AD.2023.0310-2Zhou J, Fangma Y, Chen Z, Zheng Y. Post-Stroke Neuropsychiatric Complications: Types, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Intervention. Aging Dis. 2023;14(6):2127–2152. doi: 10.14336/AD.2023.0310-2Raju RS, Sarma PS, Pandian JD. Psychosocial problems, quality of life, and functional independence among Indian stroke survivors. Stroke. 2010;41(12):2932–7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.596817Raju RS, Sarma PS, Pandian JD. Psychosocial problems, quality of life, and functional independence among Indian stroke survivors. Stroke. 2010;41(12):2932–7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.596817Gurková E, Štureková L, Mandysová P, Šaňák D. Factors affecting the quality of life after ischemic stroke in young adults: a scoping review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2023;21(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s12955-023-02090-5Gurková E, Štureková L, Mandysová P, Šaňák D. Factors affecting the quality of life after ischemic stroke in young adults: a scoping review. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2023;21(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s12955-023-02090-5Barbour VL, Mead GE. Fatigue after Stroke: The Patient’s Perspective. Stroke Res Treat. 2012:2012:863031. doi: 10.1155/2012/863031Barbour VL, Mead GE. Fatigue after Stroke: The Patient’s Perspective. Stroke Res Treat. 2012:2012:863031. doi: 10.1155/2012/863031Parks NE, Eskes GA, Gubitz GJ, Reidy Y, Christian C, Phillips SJ. Fatigue impact scale demonstrates greater fatigue in younger stroke survivors. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):619–25. doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015353Parks NE, Eskes GA, Gubitz GJ, Reidy Y, Christian C, Phillips SJ. Fatigue impact scale demonstrates greater fatigue in younger stroke survivors. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012;39(5):619–25. doi: 10.1017/s0317167100015353Snaphaan L, van der Werf S, de Leeuw FE. Time course and risk factors of post-stroke fatigue: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(4):611–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03217.xSnaphaan L, van der Werf S, de Leeuw FE. Time course and risk factors of post-stroke fatigue: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(4):611–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03217.xZhang S, Cheng S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang A, Zhu W. Related risk factors associated with post-stroke fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2021 Apr;42(4):1463–1471. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04633-wZhang S, Cheng S, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang A, Zhu W. Related risk factors associated with post-stroke fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2021 Apr;42(4):1463–1471. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04633-wGlader EL, Stegmayr B, Asplund K. Poststroke fatigue: a 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1327–33. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000014248.28711.d6Glader EL, Stegmayr B, Asplund K. Poststroke fatigue: a 2-year follow-up study of stroke patients in Sweden. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1327–33. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000014248.28711.d6Tay J, Morris RG, Tuladhar AM, Husain M, de Leeuw FE, Markus HS. Apathy, but not depression, predicts all-cause dementia in cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(9):953–959. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323092Tay J, Morris RG, Tuladhar AM, Husain M, de Leeuw FE, Markus HS. Apathy, but not depression, predicts all-cause dementia in cerebral small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(9):953–959. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323092Douven E, Staals J, Freeze WM, Schievink SH, Hellebrekers DM, Wolz R, Jansen J, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Verhey F, Aalten P, Köhler S. Imaging markers associated with the development of post-stroke depression and apathy: Results of the Cognition and Aff ect after Stroke — a Prospective Evaluation of Risks study. Eur Stroke J. 2020;5(1):78–84. doi: 10.1177/2396987319883445Douven E, Staals J, Freeze WM, Schievink SH, Hellebrekers DM, Wolz R, Jansen J, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Verhey F, Aalten P, Köhler S. Imaging markers associated with the development of post-stroke depression and apathy: Results of the Cognition and Aff ect after Stroke — a Prospective Evaluation of Risks study. Eur Stroke J. 2020;5(1):78–84. doi: 10.1177/2396987319883445Saleh Y, Le Heron C, Petitet P, Veldsman M, Drew D, Plant O, Schulz U, Sen A, Rothwell PM, Manohar S, Husain M. Apathy in small vessel cerebrovascular disease is associated with defi cits in eff ort-based decision making. Brain. 2021;144(4):1247–1262. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab013Saleh Y, Le Heron C, Petitet P, Veldsman M, Drew D, Plant O, Schulz U, Sen A, Rothwell PM, Manohar S, Husain M. Apathy in small vessel cerebrovascular disease is associated with defi cits in eff ort-based decision making. Brain. 2021;144(4):1247–1262. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab013Tay J, Lisiecka-Ford DM, Hollocks MJ, Tuladhar AM, Barrick TR, Forster A, O’Sullivan MJ, Husain M, de Leeuw F-E, Morris RG, Markus HS. Network neuroscience of apathy in cerebrovascular disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2020;188:101785.Tay J, Lisiecka-Ford DM, Hollocks MJ, Tuladhar AM, Barrick TR, Forster A, O’Sullivan MJ, Husain M, de Leeuw F-E, Morris RG, Markus HS. Network neuroscience of apathy in cerebrovascular disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2020;188:101785.doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.10178560. Mihalov J, Mikula P, Budiš J, Valkovič P. Frontal Cortical Atrophy as a Predictor of Poststroke Apathy. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2016;29(4):171–6. doi: 10.1177/0891988716641248doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.10178560. Mihalov J, Mikula P, Budiš J, Valkovič P. Frontal Cortical Atrophy as a Predictor of Poststroke Apathy. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2016;29(4):171–6. doi: 10.1177/0891988716641248Kos C, van Tol MJ, Marsman JB, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Neural correlates of apathy in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, acquired brain injury, and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:381–401. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.012Kos C, van Tol MJ, Marsman JB, Knegtering H, Aleman A. Neural correlates of apathy in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, acquired brain injury, and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;69:381–401. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.012Ahrens J., Shao R., Blackpor, D., Macaluso S., Viana R., Teasell R., Mehta S. Cognitive -behavioral therapy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2023;30(4):368–383. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2049505Ahrens J., Shao R., Blackpor, D., Macaluso S., Viana R., Teasell R., Mehta S. Cognitive -behavioral therapy for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2023;30(4):368–383. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2022.2049505Wang S.B., Wang Y.-Y., Zhang Q.-E., Wu S.-L., Ng C.H., Ungvari G.S., Chen L, Wang C-X, Jia F-J, Xiang Y-T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. J Aff ect Disord. 2018;235:589–596. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.011Wang S.B., Wang Y.-Y., Zhang Q.-E., Wu S.-L., Ng C.H., Ungvari G.S., Chen L, Wang C-X, Jia F-J, Xiang Y-T. Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. J Aff ect Disord. 2018;235:589–596. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.011Starkstein S.E., Hayhow B.D. Treatment of post-stroke depression. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(7):31. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0570-5Starkstein S.E., Hayhow B.D. Treatment of post-stroke depression. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(7):31. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0570-5Mayo NE, Fellows LK, Scott SC, Cameron J, Wood-Dauphinee S. A longitudinal view of apathy and its impact after stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(10):3299–307. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.554410Mayo NE, Fellows LK, Scott SC, Cameron J, Wood-Dauphinee S. A longitudinal view of apathy and its impact after stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(10):3299–307. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.554410Chun HY, Newman R, Whiteley WN, Dennis M, Mead GE, Carson AJ. A systematic review of anxiety interventions in stroke and acquired brain injury: Effi cacy and trial design. J Psychosom Res. 2018;104:65–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.010Chun HY, Newman R, Whiteley WN, Dennis M, Mead GE, Carson AJ. A systematic review of anxiety interventions in stroke and acquired brain injury: Effi cacy and trial design. J Psychosom Res. 2018;104:65–75. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.010

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.