<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">r-n-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский неврологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian neurological journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-7947</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7192</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МИА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2658-7947-2024-29-4-27-35</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">r-n-j-604</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL RESEARCHES AND CASE REPORTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Потенциальные биомаркеры эффективности патогенети ческой терапии спинальной мышечной атрофии у взрослых</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Potential biomarkers of the effectiveness of pathogenetic therapy of spinal muscular atrophy in adults</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2789-8431</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муружева</surname><given-names>З. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Muruzheva</surname><given-names>Z. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zamira.muruzheva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1326-7383</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абсалямова</surname><given-names>М. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Absalyamova</surname><given-names>M. T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">absalyamova.mt@edu.spbstu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-6545</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трактиров</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Traktirov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ds.traktirov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-0059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saint-Petersburg </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mnkarpenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">«Институт экспериментальной медицины» ; Ленинградская областная клиническая больница ; Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine ; Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital ; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">«Институт экспериментальной медицины»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Муружева З.М., Абсалямова М.Т., Трактиров Д.С., Карпенко М.Н., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Муружева З.М., Абсалямова М.Т., Трактиров Д.С., Карпенко М.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Muruzheva Z.M., Absalyamova M.T., Traktirov D.S., Karpenko M.N.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/604">https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/604</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье систематизированы данные о прогностической значимости различных биомаркеров при определении эффективности патогенетической терапии у пациентов со спинальной мышечной атрофией. Приведено клиническое наблюдение, иллюстрирующее, что на фоне применения патогенетической терапии нусинерсеном снижение уровня тяжелых цепей нейрофиламентов в цереброспинальной жидкости у пациента со спинальной мышечной атрофией 3 типа коррелировало с улучшением двигательной функции, оцененной по стандартным функциональным шкалам.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review summarizes and systematizes data on the prognostic significance of various biomarkers in determining the effectiveness of pathogenetic therapy for spinal muscular atrophy. The review includes a clinical case of a patient with type 3 spinal muscular atrophy. The case illustrates that a decrease in the level of heavy chains of neurofilaments in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patient during the use of pathogenetic therapy with nusinersen positively correlated with an improvement in motor function, assessed by standard functional scales.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спинальная мышечная атрофия</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>нусинерсен</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinal muscular atrophy</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>nusinersen</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена по государственному заданию ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины» № FGWG-2024-0015.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out according to the state order of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine" no. FGWG-2024-0015.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pino MG, Rich KA, Kolb SJ. Update on Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Biomark Insights. 2021;16. doi: 10.1177/11772719211035643</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pino MG, Rich KA, Kolb SJ. Update on Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Biomark Insights. 2021;16. doi: 10.1177/11772719211035643</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lunn MR, Wang CH. Spinal muscular atrophy. Lancet (London, England). 2008;371(9630):2120–2133. PMID: 18572081. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60921-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lunn MR, Wang CH. Spinal muscular atrophy. Lancet (London, England). 2008;371(9630):2120–2133. PMID: 18572081. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60921-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazzone ES, Mayhew A, Montes J Revised upper limb module for spinal muscular atrophy: Development of a new module. Muscle Nerve. 2017;55(6):869–874. PMID: 27701745. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25430</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazzone ES, Mayhew A, Montes J Revised upper limb module for spinal muscular atrophy: Development of a new module. Muscle Nerve. 2017;55(6):869–874. PMID: 27701745. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25430</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Hagen JM, Glanzman AM, McDermott MP, Ryan PA, Flickinger J, Quigley J, et al. An expanded version of the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale for SMA II and III patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007;17(9-10):693–697. PMID: 17658255. doi: 10.1016/J.NMD.2007.05.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Hagen JM, Glanzman AM, McDermott MP, Ryan PA, Flickinger J, Quigley J, et al. An expanded version of the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale for SMA II and III patients. Neuromuscul Disord. 2007;17(9-10):693–697. PMID: 17658255. doi: 10.1016/J.NMD.2007.05.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunaway Young S, Montes J, Kramer SS, Marra Jonathan, Salazar R, Cruz R, et al. Six-minute walk test is reliable and valid in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2016;54(5):836–842. PMID: 27015431. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunaway Young S, Montes J, Kramer SS, Marra Jonathan, Salazar R, Cruz R, et al. Six-minute walk test is reliable and valid in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2016;54(5):836–842. PMID: 27015431. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolb SJ, Battle DJ, Dreyfuss G. Molecular functions of the SMN complex. J Child Neurol. 2007;22(8):990–994. PMID: 17761654. doi: 10.1177/0883073807305666</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolb SJ, Battle DJ, Dreyfuss G. Molecular functions of the SMN complex. J Child Neurol. 2007;22(8):990–994. PMID: 17761654. doi: 10.1177/0883073807305666</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carrel TL, McWhorter ML, Workman E, Zhang H, Wolstencroft EC, Lorson C, et al. Survival motor neuron function in motor axons is independent of functions required for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis. J Neurosci. 2006;26(43):11014–11022. PMID: 17065443. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1637-06.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carrel TL, McWhorter ML, Workman E, Zhang H, Wolstencroft EC, Lorson C, et al. Survival motor neuron function in motor axons is independent of functions required for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis. J Neurosci. 2006;26(43):11014–11022. PMID: 17065443. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1637-06.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otsuki N, Arakawa R, Kaneko K, Aoki R, Arakawa M, Saito K. A new biomarker candidate for spinal muscular atrophy: Identification of a peripheral blood cell population capable of monitoring the level of survival motor neuron protein. PLoS One. 2018;13(8): 1-20. PMID: 30102724. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0201764</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otsuki N, Arakawa R, Kaneko K, Aoki R, Arakawa M, Saito K. A new biomarker candidate for spinal muscular atrophy: Identification of a peripheral blood cell population capable of monitoring the level of survival motor neuron protein. PLoS One. 2018;13(8): 1-20. PMID: 30102724. doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0201764</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alves CRR, Zhang R, Johnstone AJ, Garner R, Eichelberger EJ, Lepez DS, et al. Whole blood survival motor neuron protein levels correlate with severity of denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2020;62(3):351–357. PMID: 32511765. doi: 10.1002/MUS.26995</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alves CRR, Zhang R, Johnstone AJ, Garner R, Eichelberger EJ, Lepez DS, et al. Whole blood survival motor neuron protein levels correlate with severity of denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2020;62(3):351–357. PMID: 32511765. doi: 10.1002/MUS.26995</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratni H, Ebeling M, Baird J, Bendels S, Bylund J, Chen KS, et al. Discovery of Risdiplam, a Selective Survival of Motor Neuron-2 (SMN2) Gene Splicing Modifier for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). J Med Chem. 2018;61(15):6501–6517. PMID: 30044619. doi: 10.1021/ACS.JMEDCHEM.8B00741</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratni H, Ebeling M, Baird J, Bendels S, Bylund J, Chen KS, et al. Discovery of Risdiplam, a Selective Survival of Motor Neuron-2 (SMN2) Gene Splicing Modifier for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). J Med Chem. 2018;61(15):6501–6517. PMID: 30044619. doi: 10.1021/ACS.JMEDCHEM.8B00741</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poirier A, Weetall M, Heinig K, Bucheli F, Schoenlein K, Alsenz J, et al. Risdiplam distributes and increases SMN protein in both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2018;6(6). PMID: 30519476. doi: 10.1002/PRP2.447</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poirier A, Weetall M, Heinig K, Bucheli F, Schoenlein K, Alsenz J, et al. Risdiplam distributes and increases SMN protein in both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2018;6(6). PMID: 30519476. doi: 10.1002/PRP2.447</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liem RKH, Yen SH, Salomon GD, Shelanski ML. Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues. J Cell Biol. 1978;79(3):637–645. PMID: 83322. doi: 10.1083/JCB.79.3.637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liem RKH, Yen SH, Salomon GD, Shelanski ML. Intermediate filaments in nervous tissues. J Cell Biol. 1978;79(3):637–645. PMID: 83322. doi: 10.1083/JCB.79.3.637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan A, Rao M V., Veeranna, Nixon RA. Neurofilaments and Neurofilament Proteins in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017;9(4). PMID: 28373358. doi: 10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A018309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan A, Rao M V., Veeranna, Nixon RA. Neurofilaments and Neurofilament Proteins in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2017;9(4). PMID: 28373358. doi: 10.1101/CSHPERSPECT.A018309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benatar M, Wuu J, Lombardi V, Jeromin A, Bowser R, Andersen PM, Malaspina A. Neurofilaments in pre-symptomatic ALS and the impact of genotype. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2019;20(7–8):538–548. PMID: 31432691. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2019.1646769</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benatar M, Wuu J, Lombardi V, Jeromin A, Bowser R, Andersen PM, Malaspina A. Neurofilaments in pre-symptomatic ALS and the impact of genotype. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2019;20(7–8):538–548. PMID: 31432691. doi: 10.1080/21678421.2019.1646769</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benatar M, Wuu J, Andersen PM, Lombardi V, Malaspina A. Neurofilament light: A candidate biomarker of presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and phenoconversion. Ann Neurol. 2018;84(1):130–139. PMID: 30014505. doi: 10.1002/ANA.25276</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benatar M, Wuu J, Andersen PM, Lombardi V, Malaspina A. Neurofilament light: A candidate biomarker of presymptomatic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and phenoconversion. Ann Neurol. 2018;84(1):130–139. PMID: 30014505. doi: 10.1002/ANA.25276</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Владыкина АВ, Назаров ВД, Краснов ВС, Королева ЕИ, Федорова ПА, Мошникова АН, и др. Исследование диагностической значимости тяжелых цепей нейрофиламентов в цереброспинальной жидкости при боковом амиотрофическом склерозе. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2021;15(1):43–50. doi: 10.25692/ACEN.2021.1.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladykina A.V., Nazarov V.D., Krasnov V.S. et al. The diagnostic significance of neurofilament heavy chains in cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2021;15(1):43–50. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25692/ACEN.2021.1.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skillbäck T, Farahmand B, Bartlett JW, Rosén C, Mattsson N, Nägga K, et al. CSF neurofilament light differs in neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival. Neurology. 2014;83(21):1945–1953. PMID: 25339208. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skillbäck T, Farahmand B, Bartlett JW, Rosén C, Mattsson N, Nägga K, et al. CSF neurofilament light differs in neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival. Neurology. 2014;83(21):1945–1953. PMID: 25339208. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mattsson N, Cullen NC, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Association Between Longitudinal Plasma Neurofilament Light and Neurodegeneration in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(7):791–799. PMID: 31009028. doi: 10.1001/JAMANEUROL.2019.0765</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mattsson N, Cullen NC, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. Association Between Longitudinal Plasma Neurofilament Light and Neurodegeneration in Patients With Alzheimer Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(7):791–799. PMID: 31009028. doi: 10.1001/JAMANEUROL.2019.0765</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darras BT, Crawford TO, Finkel RS, Mercuri E, De Vivo DC, Oskoui M, et al. Neurofilament as a potential biomarker for spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(5):932– 944. PMID: 31139691. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.779</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darras BT, Crawford TO, Finkel RS, Mercuri E, De Vivo DC, Oskoui M, et al. Neurofilament as a potential biomarker for spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2019;6(5):932– 944. PMID: 31139691. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.779</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olsson B, Alberg L, Cullen NC, Michael E, Wahlgren L, Kroksmark A-K, et al. NFL is a marker of treatment response in children with SMA treated with nusinersen. J Neurol. 2019;266(9):2129– 2136. PMID: 31123861. doi: 10.1007/S00415-019-09389-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olsson B, Alberg L, Cullen NC, Michael E, Wahlgren L, Kroksmark A-K, et al. NFL is a marker of treatment response in children with SMA treated with nusinersen. J Neurol. 2019;266(9):2129– 2136. PMID: 31123861. doi: 10.1007/S00415-019-09389-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wurster CD, Günther R, Steinacker P, Dreyhaupt J, Wollinsky K, Uzelac Z, et al. Neurochemical markers in CSF of adolescent and adult SMA patients undergoing nusinersen treatment. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12. PMID: 31205491. doi: 10.1177/1756286419846058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wurster CD, Günther R, Steinacker P, Dreyhaupt J, Wollinsky K, Uzelac Z, et al. Neurochemical markers in CSF of adolescent and adult SMA patients undergoing nusinersen treatment. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2019;12. PMID: 31205491. doi: 10.1177/1756286419846058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rich KA, Fox A, Yalvac M, Heintzman S, Tellez M, Bartlett A, et al. Neurofilament Levels in CSF and Serum in an Adult SMA Cohort Treated with Nusinersen. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2022;9(1):111– 119. PMID: 34776417. doi: 10.3233/JND-210735</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rich KA, Fox A, Yalvac M, Heintzman S, Tellez M, Bartlett A, et al. Neurofilament Levels in CSF and Serum in an Adult SMA Cohort Treated with Nusinersen. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2022;9(1):111– 119. PMID: 34776417. doi: 10.3233/JND-210735</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faravelli I, Meneri M, Saccomanno D, Velardo D, Abati E, Gagliardi D, et al. Nusinersen treatment and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilaments: An explorative study on Spinal Muscular Atrophy type 3 patients. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(5):3034–3039. PMID: 32032473. doi: 10.1111/JCMM.14939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faravelli I, Meneri M, Saccomanno D, Velardo D, Abati E, Gagliardi D, et al. Nusinersen treatment and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilaments: An explorative study on Spinal Muscular Atrophy type 3 patients. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(5):3034–3039. PMID: 32032473. doi: 10.1111/JCMM.14939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Wel B, De Schaepdryver M, Poesen K, Claeys KG. Biochemical and clinical biomarkers in adult SMA 3–4 patients treated with nusinersen for 22 months. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(8):1241– 1251. PMID: 35833245. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51625</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Wel B, De Schaepdryver M, Poesen K, Claeys KG. Biochemical and clinical biomarkers in adult SMA 3–4 patients treated with nusinersen for 22 months. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2022;9(8):1241– 1251. PMID: 35833245. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51625</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Lützenrath S, Borkowska J, Karwanska A, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Zerres K. Analysis of creatine kinase activity in 504 patients with proximal spinal muscular atrophy types I-III from the point of view of progression and severity. Eur Neurol. 1998;39(3):154–162. PMID: 9605392. doi: 10.1159/000007926</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Lützenrath S, Borkowska J, Karwanska A, Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I, Zerres K. Analysis of creatine kinase activity in 504 patients with proximal spinal muscular atrophy types I-III from the point of view of progression and severity. Eur Neurol. 1998;39(3):154–162. PMID: 9605392. doi: 10.1159/000007926</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alves CRR, Zhang R, Johnstone AJ, Garner R, Nwe PH, Siranosian JJ, Swoboda KJ. Serum creatinine is a biomarker of progressive denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurology. 2020;94(9):e921-e931. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alves CRR, Zhang R, Johnstone AJ, Garner R, Nwe PH, Siranosian JJ, Swoboda KJ. Serum creatinine is a biomarker of progressive denervation in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurology. 2020;94(9):e921-e931. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freigang M, Wurster CD, Hagenacker T Serum creatine kinase and creatinine in adult spinal muscular atrophy under nusinersen treatment. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(5):1049–1063. PMID: 31882526. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freigang M, Wurster CD, Hagenacker T Serum creatine kinase and creatinine in adult spinal muscular atrophy under nusinersen treatment. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2021;8(5):1049–1063. PMID: 31882526. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A, Zhang KYJ. Human Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Inhibitor Discovery. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1142:221–251. PMID: 31102249. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A, Zhang KYJ. Human Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Inhibitor Discovery. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1142:221–251. PMID: 31102249. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hollak CEM, Van Weely S, Van Oers MHJ, Aerts JMFG. Marked elevation of plasma chitotriosidase activity. A novel hallmark of Gaucher disease. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(3):1288–1292. PMID: 8132768. doi: 10.1172/JCI117084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hollak CEM, Van Weely S, Van Oers MHJ, Aerts JMFG. Marked elevation of plasma chitotriosidase activity. A novel hallmark of Gaucher disease. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(3):1288–1292. PMID: 8132768. doi: 10.1172/JCI117084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abu-Rumeileh S, Steinacker P, Polischi B, Mammana A, Bartoletti-Stella A, Oeckl P, et al. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation in distinct forms and subtypes of neurodegenerativedementia. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;12(1). PMID: 31892365. doi: 10.1186/S13195-019-0562-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abu-Rumeileh S, Steinacker P, Polischi B, Mammana A, Bartoletti-Stella A, Oeckl P, et al. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation in distinct forms and subtypes of neurodegenerativedementia. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019;12(1). PMID: 31892365. doi: 10.1186/S13195-019-0562-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gray E, Thompson AG, Wuu J, Pelt J, Talbot K, Benatar M, Turner MR. CSF chitinases before and after symptom onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(8):1296– 1306. PMID: 32666680. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gray E, Thompson AG, Wuu J, Pelt J, Talbot K, Benatar M, Turner MR. CSF chitinases before and after symptom onset in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020;7(8):1296– 1306. PMID: 32666680. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.51114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sotgiu S, Barone R, Arru G, Pugliatti M, Sanna A, Rosati G, Musumeci S. Intrathecal chitotriosidase and the outcome of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12(5):551–557. PMID: 17086899. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sotgiu S, Barone R, Arru G, Pugliatti M, Sanna A, Rosati G, Musumeci S. Intrathecal chitotriosidase and the outcome of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2006;12(5):551–557. PMID: 17086899. doi: 10.1177/1352458506070614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abati E, Citterio G, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Glial cells involvement in spinal muscular atrophy: Could SMA be a neuroinflammatory disease? Neurobiol Dis. 2020;140. PMID: 32294521. doi: 10.1016/J.NBD.2020.104870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abati E, Citterio G, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Glial cells involvement in spinal muscular atrophy: Could SMA be a neuroinflammatory disease? Neurobiol Dis. 2020;140. PMID: 32294521. doi: 10.1016/J.NBD.2020.104870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freigang M, Steinacker P, Wurster CD, Schreiber-Katz O, Osmanovic A, Petri S, et al. Increased chitotriosidase 1 concentration following nusinersen treatment in spinal muscular atrophy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1). PMID: 34321067. doi: 10.1186/S13023-021-01961-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freigang M, Steinacker P, Wurster CD, Schreiber-Katz O, Osmanovic A, Petri S, et al. Increased chitotriosidase 1 concentration following nusinersen treatment in spinal muscular atrophy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2021;16(1). PMID: 34321067. doi: 10.1186/S13023-021-01961-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leta V, Urso D, Batzu L, Lau YH, Mathew D, Boura I, et al. Viruses, parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease: the past, present and future. J Neural Transm. 2022;129(9):1119–1132. PMID: 36036863. doi: 10.1007/S00702-022-02536-Y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leta V, Urso D, Batzu L, Lau YH, Mathew D, Boura I, et al. Viruses, parkinsonism and Parkinson’s disease: the past, present and future. J Neural Transm. 2022;129(9):1119–1132. PMID: 36036863. doi: 10.1007/S00702-022-02536-Y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муртазина АФ, Белякова-Бодина АИ, Брутян АГ. Электрофизиологические методы оценки количества двигательных единиц. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2017;2:55–65. doi: 10.18454/ACEN.2017.2.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murtazina A.F., Belyakova-Bodina A.I., Brutyan A.G. Electrophysiological methods for estimation of the number of motor units. Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology. 2017;11(2):55–65. (In Russ.) doi: 10.18454/ACEN.2017.2.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">David Arnold W, Porensky PN, Mcgovern VL, Iyer CC, Duque S, Li X, et al. Electrophysiological Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Preclinical Proof of Concept. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1(1):34–44. PMID: 24511555. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">David Arnold W, Porensky PN, Mcgovern VL, Iyer CC, Duque S, Li X, et al. Electrophysiological Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Preclinical Proof of Concept. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1(1):34–44. PMID: 24511555. doi: 10.1002/ACN3.23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weng WC, Hsu YK, Chang FM, Lin C-Y, Hwu W-L, Lee W-T, et al. CMAP changes upon symptom onset and during treatment in spinal muscular atrophy patients: lessons learned from newborn screening. Genet Med. 2021;23(2):415–420. PMID: 33033402. doi: 10.1038/S41436-020-00987-W</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weng WC, Hsu YK, Chang FM, Lin C-Y, Hwu W-L, Lee W-T, et al. CMAP changes upon symptom onset and during treatment in spinal muscular atrophy patients: lessons learned from newborn screening. Genet Med. 2021;23(2):415–420. PMID: 33033402. doi: 10.1038/S41436-020-00987-W</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewelt A, Krosschell KJ, Scott C, Sakonju Ai, Kissel JT, Crawford TO, et al. Compound muscle action potential and motor function in children with spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(5):703–708. PMID: 20737553. doi: 10.1002/MUS.21838</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewelt A, Krosschell KJ, Scott C, Sakonju Ai, Kissel JT, Crawford TO, et al. Compound muscle action potential and motor function in children with spinal muscular atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 2010;42(5):703–708. PMID: 20737553. doi: 10.1002/MUS.21838</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kariyawasam D, D’silva A, Howells J, Herbert K, Geelan-Small P, Lin C S-Y, Farrar MA. Motor unit changes in children with symptomatic spinal muscular atrophy treated with nusinersen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;92(1):78–85. PMID: 33106369. doi: 10.1136/JNNP-2020-324254</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kariyawasam D, D’silva A, Howells J, Herbert K, Geelan-Small P, Lin C S-Y, Farrar MA. Motor unit changes in children with symptomatic spinal muscular atrophy treated with nusinersen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;92(1):78–85. PMID: 33106369. doi: 10.1136/JNNP-2020-324254</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darras BT, Chiriboga CA, Iannaccone ST, Swoboda KJ, Montes J, Mignon L, et al. Nusinersen in later-onset spinal muscular atrophy: Long-term results from the phase 1/2 studies. Neurology. 2019;92(21):e2492-e2506. PMID: 31019106. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darras BT, Chiriboga CA, Iannaccone ST, Swoboda KJ, Montes J, Mignon L, et al. Nusinersen in later-onset spinal muscular atrophy: Long-term results from the phase 1/2 studies. Neurology. 2019;92(21):e2492-e2506. PMID: 31019106. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Durmus H, Yilmaz R, Gulsen-Parman Y, Oflazer-Serdaroglu P, Cuttini M, Dursun M, Deymeer F. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging in spinal muscular atrophy type 3: Selective and progressive involvement. Muscle Nerve. 2017;55(5):651–656. PMID: 27543937. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25385</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Durmus H, Yilmaz R, Gulsen-Parman Y, Oflazer-Serdaroglu P, Cuttini M, Dursun M, Deymeer F. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging in spinal muscular atrophy type 3: Selective and progressive involvement. Muscle Nerve. 2017;55(5):651–656. PMID: 27543937. doi: 10.1002/MUS.25385</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barp A, Carraro E, Albamonte E, Salmin F, Lunetta C, Comi GP, et al. Muscle MRI in two SMA patients on nusinersen treatment: A two years follow-up. J Neurol Sci. 2020;417. PMID: 32745721. doi: 10.1016/J.JNS.2020.117067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barp A, Carraro E, Albamonte E, Salmin F, Lunetta C, Comi GP, et al. Muscle MRI in two SMA patients on nusinersen treatment: A two years follow-up. J Neurol Sci. 2020;417. PMID: 32745721. doi: 10.1016/J.JNS.2020.117067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savini G, Asteggiano C, Paoletti M, Parravicini S, Pezzotti E, Solazzo F, Muzic SI, Santini Francesco Pilot Study on Quantitative Cervical Cord and Muscular MRI in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Promising Biomarkers of Disease Evolution and Treatment? Front Neurol. 2021;12. PMID: 33854470. doi: 10.3389/FNEUR.2021.613834</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savini G, Asteggiano C, Paoletti M, Parravicini S, Pezzotti E, Solazzo F, Muzic SI, Santini Francesco Pilot Study on Quantitative Cervical Cord and Muscular MRI in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Promising Biomarkers of Disease Evolution and Treatment? Front Neurol. 2021;12. PMID: 33854470. doi: 10.3389/FNEUR.2021.613834</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
