<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">r-n-j</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский неврологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian neurological journal</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-7947</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-7192</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МИА</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.30629/2658-7947-2023-28-2-46-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">r-n-j-413</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL RESEARCHES AND CASE REPORTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ассоциации между когнитивным статусом и гериатрическими синдромами у институализированных долгожителей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Associations between cognitive status and geriatric syndromes in institutionalized oldest old</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-0630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исаев Руслан Ибрагимович</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">isaev-doc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-981X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мхитарян</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mkhitaryan</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mkhitaryan_ha@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3657-0676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стражеско</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strazhesko</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">strazhesko_id@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-7864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воробьева</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorobyeva</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vorobyeva_nm@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1222-3351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остапенко</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostapenko</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ostapenko_vs@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-688X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачева</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkacheva</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tkacheva@rgnkc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России; Обособленное структурное подразделение Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центр</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of  igher Education “N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>46</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Исаев Р.И., Мхитарян Э.А., Стражеско И.Д., Воробьева Н.М., Остапенко В.С., Ткачева О.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Исаев Р.И., Мхитарян Э.А., Стражеско И.Д., Воробьева Н.М., Остапенко В.С., Ткачева О.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Isaev R.I., Mkhitaryan E.A., Strazhesko I.D., Vorobyeva N.M., Ostapenko V.S., Tkacheva O.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/413">https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/413</self-uri><abstract><p>Долгожители являются самой быстрорастущей возрастной группой в большинстве стран мира, включая Российскую Федерацию. Инвалидность и институализация у долгожителей сопряжена с увеличением риска когнитивных нарушений. Взаимосвязь когнитивного статуса и других гериатрических синдромов у институализированных долгожителей изучена недостаточно.</p><p>Цель исследования — оценить наличие и характер взаимосвязей между когнитивным статусом и гериатрическими синдромами у лиц в возрасте ≥ 90 лет, проживающих в стационарных учреждениях социального обеспечения (СУСО).</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследовании участвовали пациенты в возрасте ≥ 90 лет, обследование которых проводилось в СУСО г. Москвы. Всем пациентам проведено нейропсихологическое обследование, которое включало краткую шкалу оценки психического статуса (КШОПС), батарею тестов на лобную дисфункцию (БТЛД), тест 5 слов, тест рисования часов, тесты на литеральные и категориальные ассоциации. Также всем исследуемым проводилась комплексная гериатрическая оценка. Для диагностики старческой астении выполняли краткую батарею тестов физического функционирования (КБТФФ). Базовую повседневную активность оценивали при помощи индекса Бартел. Инструментальную повседневную активность оценивали по шкале Лоутона. Для оценки нутритивного статуса использовали краткую шкалу оценки питания (Mini-Nutritional Assessment). Интенсивность болевого синдрома оценивали по визуальной аналоговой шкале. Для выявления динопении применяли динамометрию, которую производили ручным динамометром. Статистический анализ данных выполнен с использованием статистической программы SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., США). Для сравнения двух групп использовали двусторонний точный тест Фишера. Взаимосвязи между переменными оценивали при помощи бинарной логистической регрессии с вычислением отношения шансов (ОШ) и 95% доверительного интервала (ДИ).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Деменция диагностирована у 69% пациентов. По данным многофакторного анализа с наличием деменции ассоциированы сенсорный дефицит (ОШ 4,23; ДИ 95% 1,96–9,09; p &lt; 0,001), мальнутриция (ОШ 2,68; ДИ 95% 1,10–6,52; p = 0,030), недержание кала (ОШ 4,37; ДИ 95% 2,14–8,90; p &lt; 0,001) и старческая астения (ОШ 4,23; ДИ 95%; 1,96–9,09; p &lt; 0,001); увеличение возраста на каждый 1 год соотносится с повышением шансов иметь деменцию на 15%. У более чем половины долгожителей отмечены недержание мочи и хронический болевой синдром, более чем у трети исследуемых выявлены констипационный синдром и синдром падений, также более чем у 2/3 долгожителей отмечалась динопения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Большинство институализированных долгожителей страдают деменцией, при этом повышение шансов ее иметь связано со старческой астенией, сенсорным дефицитом, мальнутрицией и увеличением возраста долгожителей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Oldest old are the fastest growing age group in most countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. Disability and institutionalization in oldest old is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The relationship between cognitive status and other geriatric syndromes has not been studied sufficiently in institutionalized oldest old.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To assess the relationship between cognitive status and geriatric syndromes in persons ≥ 90 years, who live in long term care facilities (LTCF).</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study involved patients aged ≥ 90 years, who were examined in the LTCF of Moscow. All patients underwent a neuropsychological examination, which included Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), 5-word test, clock-drawing test and verbal fluency. A comprehensive geriatric assessment was carried out for all the subjects. To diagnose the frailty, we used the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The Bartel index was used to assess performance of activities of daily living. Instrumental activities of daily living were assessed using the Lawton scale. Nutritional status was assessed based on the Mini-Nutritional Assessment. The pain intensity syndrome was assessed by visual analogue scale. To detect dinopenia we used dynamometry with manual dynamometer. Statistical data analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., USA). Fischer’s two-sided accurate test was used for two groups comparison. The relationships between the variables were evaluated using binary logistic regression with calculation of the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Dementia was diagnosed in 69% of patients. According to multivariate analysis, sensory defi ciency (OR 4.23; CI 95% 1.96–9.09; p &lt; 0.001), malnutrition (OR 2.68; CI 95% 1.10–6.52; p = 0.030), fecal incontinence (OR 4.37; CI 95% 2.14–8.90; p &lt; 0.001), frailty (OR 4.23; CI 95%; 1.96–9.09; p &lt; 0.001) are associated with the presence of dementia; an increase in age for every 1 year correlates with an increase in the chances of having dementia by 15%. Urinary incontinence and chronic pain syndrome were noted in more than half of oldest old, constipation syndrome and falls syndrome were detected in more than a third of the subjects, and more than 2/3 of oldest old had dinopenia.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The majority of institutionalized oldest old suffer from dementia, while an increase in the chances of having it is associated with frailty, sensory deficiency, malnutrition and an increase in the age of oldest old.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>долгожители</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>деменция</kwd><kwd>институализация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oldest old</kwd><kwd>cognitive impairment</kwd><kwd>dementia</kwd><kwd>institutionalization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kawas CH, Legdeur N, Corrada MM. What have we learned from cognition in the oldest-old. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021;34(2):258–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000910</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kawas CH, Legdeur N, Corrada MM. What have we learned from cognition in the oldest-old. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021;34(2):258–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000910</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects 2019. Total population (both sexes combined) by five-year age group, region, subregion and country, 2020–2100. Median (50 percent) prediction interval, 2020–2100. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Probabilistic/Population/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects 2019. Total population (both sexes combined) by five-year age group, region, subregion and country, 2020–2100. Median (50 percent) prediction interval, 2020–2100. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Probabilistic/Population/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects 2019. Probabilistic projection of total population (both sexes combined) by region, subregion, country or area, 2020–2100. Median (50 percent) prediction interval, 2020–2100 https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Probabilistic/Population/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Probabilistic Population Projections based on the World Population Prospects 2019. Probabilistic projection of total population (both sexes combined) by region, subregion, country or area, 2020–2100. Median (50 percent) prediction interval, 2020–2100 https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Probabilistic/Population/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень «Численность населения Российской Федерации по полу и возрасту на 1 января 2010 года». https://gks.ru/bgd/regl/B10_111/Main.htm (дата обращения: 01.03.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byulleten’ “Chislennost’ naseleniya Rossijskoj Federacii po polu i vozrastu na 1 yanvarya 2010 goda”. (In Russ.). https://gks.ru/bgd/regl/B10_111/Main.htm (дата обращения: 01.03.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бюллетень «Численность населения Российской Федерации по полу и возрасту на 1 января 2020 года». https://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b20_111/Main.htm (дата обращения: 01.03.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byulleten’ “Chislennost’ naseleniya Rossijskoj Federacii po polu i vozrastu na 1 yanvarya 2020 goda”. (In Russ.). https://gks.ru/bgd/regl/b20_111/Main.htm (дата обращения: 01.03.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Total population (both sexes combined) by broad age group, region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands). Estimates, 1950–2020 https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Population Prospects, the 2019 Revision. Total population (both sexes combined) by broad age group, region, subregion and country, 1950-2100 (thousands). Estimates, 1950–2020 https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткачева ОН, Котовская ЮВ, Рунихина НК, Фролова ЕВ, Наумов АВ, Воробьева НМ и др. Клинические рекомендации «старческая астения». Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2020;1:11–46. https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, Frolova EV, Naumov AV, Vorobyeva NM et al. Clinical guidelines on frailty. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;(1):11–46. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. World report on Ageing and Health. 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186463/1/9789240694811_eng.pdf?ua=1 (дата обращения: 05.03.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. World report on Ageing and Health. 2015. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186463/1/9789240694811_eng.pdf?ua=1 (дата обращения: 05.03.2023)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боголепова АН, Васенина ЕЕ, Гомзякова НА, Гусев ЕИ, Дудченко НГ, Емелин АЮ и др. Клинические рекомендации «Когнитивные расстройства у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста». Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2021;121(10–3):6–137. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20211211036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bogolepova AN, Vasenina EE, Gomzyakova NA, Gusev EI, Dudchenko NG, Emelin AYu, et al. Clinical Guidelines for Cognitive Disorders in Elderly and Older Patients. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2021;121(10–3):6–137. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro20211211036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров ВВ, Вознесенская ТГ. Нервно-психические нарушения: диагностические тесты. М.: МЕДпрессинформ, 2013:315 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isaev RI, Mkhitaryan EA, Strazhesko ID, Vorobyeva NM, Ostapenko VS, Tkacheva ON., Yakhno NN. Cognitive status in institutionalized oldest old. Russian neurological journal. 2022;27(6):63–69. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2022-27-6-63-69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исаев РИ, Мхитарян ЭА, Стражеско ИД, Воробьева НМ, Остапенко ВС, Ткачева ОН, Яхно НН. Когнитивный статус институализированных долгожителей. Российский неврологический журнал. 2022;27(6):63–69. https://doi.org/10.30629/2658-7947-2022-27-6-63-69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serrano-Urrea R, Gómez-Rubio V, Palacios-Ceña D, Fernándezde-Las-Peñas C, García-Meseguer MJ. Individual and institutional factors associated with functional disability in nursing home residents: An observational study with multilevel analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183945</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serrano-Urrea R, Gómez-Rubio V, Palacios-Ceña D, Fernándezde-Las-Peñas C, García-Meseguer MJ. Individual and institutional factors associated with functional disability in nursing home residents: An observational study with multilevel analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0183945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183945</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakov VP, Svincov AA, Chernyakina TS, Chernova GI, Bogdanov EA. Sovremennoe sostoyanie organizacii reabilitacii invalidov v stacionarnyh uchrezhdeniyah sistemy social’noj zashchity naseleniya. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. akad. I.P. Pavlova. 2013;20(3):8–10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестаков ВП, Свинцов АА, Чернякина ТС, Чернова ГИ, Богданов ЕА. Современное состояние организации реабилитации инвалидов в стационарных учреждениях системы социальной защиты населения. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова. 2013;20(3):8–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yahno NN, Zaharov VV, Lokshina AB, Koberskaya NN, Mhitaryan EA. Dementia. A guide for doctors. M.: MEDpress-inform; 2010. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яхно НН, Захаров ВВ, Локшина АБ, Коберская НН, Мхитарян ЭА. Деменции. Руководство для врачей. М.: МЕДпресс-информ; 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brumback-Peltz C, Balasubramanian AB, Corrada MM, Kawas CH. Diagnosing dementia in the oldest-old. Maturitas. 2011;70(2):164–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brumback-Peltz C, Balasubramanian AB, Corrada MM, Kawas CH. Diagnosing dementia in the oldest-old. Maturitas. 2011;70(2):164–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.07.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kojima G. Prevalence of Frailty in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(11):940–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.06.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kojima G. Prevalence of Frailty in Nursing Homes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(11):940–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2015.06.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson DA, Savva GM, Kenny RA. Frailty and cognitive impairment—a review of the evidence and causal mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(4):840–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2013.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson DA, Savva GM, Kenny RA. Frailty and cognitive impairment—a review of the evidence and causal mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(4):840–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2013.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilotta C, Nicolini P, Casè A, Pina G, Rossi S, Vergani C. Frailty syndrome diagnosed according to the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) criteria and adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older outpatients in Italy. A one-year prospective cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(2):e23–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilotta C, Nicolini P, Casè A, Pina G, Rossi S, Vergani C. Frailty syndrome diagnosed according to the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) criteria and adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older outpatients in Italy. A one-year prospective cohort study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;54(2):e23–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Maggi S et al. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group. Frailty syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):113–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.09.223</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Frisardi V, Seripa D, Logroscino G, Maggi S et al. Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging Working Group. Frailty syndrome and the risk of vascular dementia: the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):113–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.09.223</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gómez-Gómez ME, Zapico SC. Frailty, Cognitive Decline, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nutrition Interventions. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(11):2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112842</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gómez-Gómez ME, Zapico SC. Frailty, Cognitive Decline, Neurodegenerative Diseases and Nutrition Interventions. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(11):2842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112842</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musa MK, Saga S, Blekken LE, Harris R, Goodman C, Norton C. The Prevalence, Incidence, and Correlates of Fecal Incontinence Among Older People Residing in Care Homes: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(8):956–962.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musa MK, Saga S, Blekken LE, Harris R, Goodman C, Norton C. The Prevalence, Incidence, and Correlates of Fecal Incontinence Among Older People Residing in Care Homes: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(8):956–962.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tkacheva ON, Naumov AV, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, Mil’to AS, Alexanyan LA et al. Chronic pain in older and senile patients. Clinical guidelines. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2021;(3):275–320. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2021-275-312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ткачева ОН, Наумов АВ, Котовская ЮВ, Рунихина НК, Мильто АС, Алексанян ЛА и др. Хроническая боль у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Клинические рекомендации. Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2021;(3):275–320. https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2021-275-312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ткачева ОН, Наумов АВ, Котовская ЮВ, Рунихина НК, Мильто АС, Алексанян ЛА и др. Хроническая боль у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста. Клинические рекомендации. Российский журнал гериатрической медицины. 2021;(3):275–320. https://doi.org/10.37586/2686-8636-3-2021-275-312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
