r-n-jРоссийский неврологический журналRussian neurological journal2658-79472686-7192МИА10.30629/2658-7947-2022-27-1-26-30r-n-j-263Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSКардиоцеребральный синдром при хронической сердечной недостаточностиCardio-cerebral syndrome in patients with chronic heart failurehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-268XЕруслановаК. А.EruslanovaK. A.

Москва

Moscow

kae.07@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2597-981XМхитарянЭ. А.MkhitaryanE. A.

Мхитарян Элен Араиковна

Москва

Moscow

melen99@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-4104ИзюмовА. Д.IzyumovA. D.

Москва

Moscow

izyumov_ad@rgnkc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-2995СейфетдиноваА. Б.SeifetdinovaA. B.

Москва

Moscow

seif.a.b@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1628-5093КотовскаяЮ. В.KotovskayaYu. V.

Москва

Moscow

kotovskaya@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-688XТкачёваО. Н.TkachyovaO. N.

Москва

Moscow

tkacheva@rgnkc.ruФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Российский геронтологический научно-клинический центрРоссияFSAEI RNRMU named after Pirogov N.I. of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Russian Research and Clinical Centre of GerontologyRussian Federation2022070320222712630Copyright © Ерусланова К.А., Мхитарян Э.А., Изюмов А.Д., Сейфетдинова А.Б., Котовская Ю.В., Ткачёва О.Н., 20222022Ерусланова К.А., Мхитарян Э.А., Изюмов А.Д., Сейфетдинова А.Б., Котовская Ю.В., Ткачёва О.Н.Eruslanova K.A., Mkhitaryan E.A., Izyumov A.D., Seifetdinova A.B., Kotovskaya Y.V., Tkachyova O.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.r-n-j.com/jour/article/view/263

В статье обсуждаются патогенез и проявления кардиоцеребрального синдрома у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью (СН). СН является одной из значимых проблем пожилого возраста ввиду высокой распространенности. Рассматриваются механизмы влияния СН на развитие острой и хронической ишемии головного мозга, часто сопровождающейся когнитивными и эмоционально-аффективными расстройствами. Для оптимального комплексного подхода к ведению пациентов с кардиоцеребральным синдромом целесообразно участие кардиологов, неврологов и психиатров.

The article discusses the pathogenesis and manifestations of the cardio-cerebral syndrome in patients with heart failure (HF). HF is one of the significant problems of older adults due to its high prevalence. The mechanisms of the effect of HF on the development of acute and chronic cerebral ischemia, often accompanied by cognitive impairment and mood disorders, are considered. For an optimal integrated approach to managing patients with cardiocerebral syndrome, it is advisable to involve cardiologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists.

кардиоцеребральный синдромсердечная недостаточностькогнитивные расстройствадепрессиятревогаcardio-cerebral syndromeheart failurecognitive impairmentdepressionanxietyReferencesSquire I. Socioeconomic status and outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Heart. 2018;104(12):966–967. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312814 Epub 2018 Jan 25. PMID: 29371375Squire I. Socioeconomic status and outcomes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Heart. 2018;104(12):966–967. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312814 Epub 2018 Jan 25. PMID: 29371375Фомин И.В. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность в Российской Федерации: что сегодня мы знаем и что должны делать. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2016;8:7–13. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2016-8-7-13Fomin I.V. Сhronic heart failure in russian federation: what do we know and what to do. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2016;8:7–13. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2016-8-7-13Britt H.C., Harrison C.M., Miller G.C., Knox S.A. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 2008;189:72–77.Britt H.C., Harrison C.M., Miller G.C., Knox S.A. Prevalence and patterns of multimorbidity in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 2008;189:72–77.Doehner W., Ural D., Haeusler K.G., Čelutkienė J., Bestetti R., Cavusoglu Y. et al. Heart and brain interaction in patients with heart failure: overview and proposal for a taxonomy. A position paper from the Study Group on Heart and Brain Interaction of the Heart Failure Association. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018;20(2):199–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1100 Epub 2017 Dec 27. PMID: 29280256Doehner W., Ural D., Haeusler K.G., Čelutkienė J., Bestetti R., Cavusoglu Y. et al. Heart and brain interaction in patients with heart failure: overview and proposal for a taxonomy. A position paper from the Study Group on Heart and Brain Interaction of the Heart Failure Association. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018;20(2):199–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1100 Epub 2017 Dec 27. PMID: 29280256Kannel W.B., Wolf P.A., Verter J. Manifestations of coronary disease predisposing to stroke. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1983;250(21):2942–2946.Kannel W.B., Wolf P.A., Verter J. Manifestations of coronary disease predisposing to stroke. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1983;250(21):2942–2946.Adelborg K., Szépligeti S., Sundbøll J., Horváth-Puhó E., Henderson V.W., Ording A. et al. Risk of Stroke in Patients With Heart Failure: A Population-Based 30-Year Cohort Study. Stroke. 2017;48(5):1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016022 Epub 2017 Apr 4. PMID: 28377383Adelborg K., Szépligeti S., Sundbøll J., Horváth-Puhó E., Henderson V.W., Ording A. et al. Risk of Stroke in Patients With Heart Failure: A Population-Based 30-Year Cohort Study. Stroke. 2017;48(5):1161–1168. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016022 Epub 2017 Apr 4. PMID: 28377383Sandhu R.K., Hohnloser S.H., Pfeffer M.A., Yuan F., Hart R.G., Yusuf S. et al. Relationship between degree of left ventricular dysfunction, symptom status, and risk of embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Stroke. 2015;46. https://doi.org/10.1161/StrokeAHA.114.007140Sandhu R.K., Hohnloser S.H., Pfeffer M.A., Yuan F., Hart R.G., Yusuf S. et al. Relationship between degree of left ventricular dysfunction, symptom status, and risk of embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Stroke. 2015;46. https://doi.org/10.1161/StrokeAHA.114.007140Abdul-Rahim A.H., Perez A.C., MacIsaac R.L., Jhund P.S., Claggett B.L., Carson P.E. et al. Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity-Preserved (CHARM-Preserved) and the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function (I-Preserve) Steering Committees. Risk of stroke in chronic heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction, but without atrial fibrillation: analysis of the CHARM-Preserved and I-Preserve trials. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38(10):742–750. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw509 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2018;39(16):1403. PMID: 28426886; PMCID: PMC5460584Abdul-Rahim A.H., Perez A.C., MacIsaac R.L., Jhund P.S., Claggett B.L., Carson P.E. et al. Candesartan in Heart failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity-Preserved (CHARM-Preserved) and the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function (I-Preserve) Steering Committees. Risk of stroke in chronic heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction, but without atrial fibrillation: analysis of the CHARM-Preserved and I-Preserve trials. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38(10):742–750. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw509 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2018;39(16):1403. PMID: 28426886; PMCID: PMC5460584Chung Seyong, Kim Tae-Hoon, Uhm Jae-Sun, Cha Myung-Jin, Lee JungMyung, Park Junbeom et al. Stroke and Systemic Embolism and other Adverse Outcomes of Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (From the Cоmparison study of Drugs for symptom control and complication prеvention of Atrial Fibrillation [CODE-AF]). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2019. S000291491931104X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.035Chung Seyong, Kim Tae-Hoon, Uhm Jae-Sun, Cha Myung-Jin, Lee JungMyung, Park Junbeom et al. Stroke and Systemic Embolism and other Adverse Outcomes of Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (From the Cоmparison study of Drugs for symptom control and complication prеvention of Atrial Fibrillation [CODE-AF]). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2019. S000291491931104X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.09.035Thomas I., EncisoSilva J., Schlueter M., Greenberg B. Anticoagulation Therapy and NOACs in Heart Failure. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2017;243:515–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_126Thomas I., EncisoSilva J., Schlueter M., Greenberg B. Anticoagulation Therapy and NOACs in Heart Failure. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2017;243:515–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/164_2016_126Cuadrado-Godia E., Ois A., Roquer J. Heart failure in acute ischemic stroke. Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 2010;6(3):202–213. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340310791658776Cuadrado-Godia E., Ois A., Roquer J. Heart failure in acute ischemic stroke. Curr. Cardiol. Rev. 2010;6(3):202–213. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340310791658776Kumar R., Yadav S.K., Palomares J.A., Park B., Joshi S.H., Ogren J.A. et al. Reduced regional brain cortical thickness in patients with heart failure. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126595. PMID: 25962164; PMCID: PMC4427362Kumar R., Yadav S.K., Palomares J.A., Park B., Joshi S.H., Ogren J.A. et al. Reduced regional brain cortical thickness in patients with heart failure. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126595. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126595. PMID: 25962164; PMCID: PMC4427362Mueller K., Thiel F., Beutner F., Teren A., Frisch S., Ballarini T. et al. Brain Damage With Heart Failure: Cardiac Biomarker Alterations and Gray Matter Decline. Circ. Res. 2020;126(6):750–764. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315813 Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 31969053; PMCID: PMC7077969Mueller K., Thiel F., Beutner F., Teren A., Frisch S., Ballarini T. et al. Brain Damage With Heart Failure: Cardiac Biomarker Alterations and Gray Matter Decline. Circ. Res. 2020;126(6):750–764. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315813 Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 31969053; PMCID: PMC7077969Saglietto A., Scarsoglio S., Canova D., Roatta S., Gianotto N., Piccotti A. et al. Increased beat-to-beat variability of cerebral microcirculatory perfusion during atrial fibrillation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Europace. 2021;23(8):1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab070. PMID: 33846732Saglietto A., Scarsoglio S., Canova D., Roatta S., Gianotto N., Piccotti A. et al. Increased beat-to-beat variability of cerebral microcirculatory perfusion during atrial fibrillation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. Europace. 2021;23(8):1219–1226. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab070. PMID: 33846732Gardarsdottir M., Sigurdsson S., Aspelund T., Gardarsdottir V.A., Forsberg L., Gudnason V., Arnar D.O. Improved brain perfusion after electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2020;22(4):530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz336 PMID: 31860069; PMCID: PMC7132536Gardarsdottir M., Sigurdsson S., Aspelund T., Gardarsdottir V.A., Forsberg L., Gudnason V., Arnar D.O. Improved brain perfusion after electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2020;22(4):530–537. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euz336 PMID: 31860069; PMCID: PMC7132536Gardarsdottir M., Sigurdsson S., Aspelund T., Rokita H., Launer L..J, Gudnason V., Arnar D.O. Atrial fibrillation is associated with decreased total cerebral blood flow and brain perfusion. Europace. 2018;20(8):1252–1258. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux220 PMID: 29016776; PMCID: PMC6075509Gardarsdottir M., Sigurdsson S., Aspelund T., Rokita H., Launer L..J, Gudnason V., Arnar D.O. Atrial fibrillation is associated with decreased total cerebral blood flow and brain perfusion. Europace. 2018;20(8):1252–1258. doi: 10.1093/europace/eux220 PMID: 29016776; PMCID: PMC6075509McDonagh T.A., Metra M., Adamo M., Gardner R.S., Baumbach A., Böhm M. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;Oct 14: PMID: 34447992McDonagh T.A., Metra M., Adamo M., Gardner R.S., Baumbach A., Böhm M. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;Oct 14: PMID: 34447992Hindricks G., Potpara T., Dagres N., Arbelo E., Bax J.J., Blomström-Lundqvist C. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):507. Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):546–547. Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(40):4194. PMID: 32860505Hindricks G., Potpara T., Dagres N., Arbelo E., Bax J.J., Blomström-Lundqvist C. et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612 Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):507. Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(5):546–547. Erratum in: Eur. Heart J. 2021;42(40):4194. PMID: 32860505Ampadu J., Morley J.E. Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015;178:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087Ampadu J., Morley J.E. Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2015;178:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087Hajduk A.M., Lemon S.C., McManus D.D., Lessard D.M., Gurwitz J.H., Spencer F.A. et al. Cognitive impairment and self‐care in heart failure. Clin. Epidemiol. 2013;5:407–416.Hajduk A.M., Lemon S.C., McManus D.D., Lessard D.M., Gurwitz J.H., Spencer F.A. et al. Cognitive impairment and self‐care in heart failure. Clin. Epidemiol. 2013;5:407–416.Zuccalà G., Pedone C., Cesari M., Onder G., Pahor M., Marzetti E. et al. The effects of cognitive impairment on mortality among hospitalized patients with heart failure. Am. J. Med. 2003;115(2):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00264-x PMID: 12893394Zuccalà G., Pedone C., Cesari M., Onder G., Pahor M., Marzetti E. et al. The effects of cognitive impairment on mortality among hospitalized patients with heart failure. Am. J. Med. 2003;115(2):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9343(03)00264-x PMID: 12893394Cermakova P., Lund L.H., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Johnell K., Winblad B., Dahlström U., Religa D. Heart failure and dementia: survival in relation to types of heart failure and different dementia disorders. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2015;17:612–619.Cermakova P., Lund L.H., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Johnell K., Winblad B., Dahlström U., Religa D. Heart failure and dementia: survival in relation to types of heart failure and different dementia disorders. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2015;17:612–619.Alwerdt J., Edwards J.D., Athilingam P., O’Connor M.L., Valdes E.G. Longitudinal differences in cognitive functioning among older adults with and without heart failure. J. Aging. Health. 2013;25:1358–1377.Alwerdt J., Edwards J.D., Athilingam P., O’Connor M.L., Valdes E.G. Longitudinal differences in cognitive functioning among older adults with and without heart failure. J. Aging. Health. 2013;25:1358–1377.Alagiakrishnan K., Mah D., Ahmed A., Ezekowitz J. Cognitive decline in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2016;21:661–673.Alagiakrishnan K., Mah D., Ahmed A., Ezekowitz J. Cognitive decline in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2016;21:661–673.Pan A., Kumar R., Macey P.M., Fonarow G.C., Harper R.M., Woo M.A. Visual assessment of brain magnetic resonance imaging detects injury to cognitive regulatory sites in patients with heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 2013;19:94–100.Pan A., Kumar R., Macey P.M., Fonarow G.C., Harper R.M., Woo M.A. Visual assessment of brain magnetic resonance imaging detects injury to cognitive regulatory sites in patients with heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 2013;19:94–100.Woo M.A., Ogren J.A., Abouzeid C.M., Macey P.M., Sairafian K.G., Saharan P.S. et al. Regional hippocampal damage in heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2015;17:494–500.Woo M.A., Ogren J.A., Abouzeid C.M., Macey P.M., Sairafian K.G., Saharan P.S. et al. Regional hippocampal damage in heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2015;17:494–500.van den Hurk K., Reijmer Y.D., van den Berg E., Alssema M., Nijpels G., Kostense P.J. et al. Heart failure and cognitive function in the general population: the Hoorn Study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2011;13:1362–1369.van den Hurk K., Reijmer Y.D., van den Berg E., Alssema M., Nijpels G., Kostense P.J. et al. Heart failure and cognitive function in the general population: the Hoorn Study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2011;13:1362–1369.Čelutkienė J., Vaitkevičius A., Jakštienė S., Jatužis D. Expert opinion— cognitive decline in heart failure: more attention is needed. Card. Fail Rev. 2016;2:106–109.Čelutkienė J., Vaitkevičius A., Jakštienė S., Jatužis D. Expert opinion— cognitive decline in heart failure: more attention is needed. Card. Fail Rev. 2016;2:106–109.Jefferson A.L., Tate D.F., Poppas A., Brickman A.M., Paul R.H., Gunstad J., Cohen R.A. Lower cardiac output is associated with greater white matter hyperintensities in older adults with cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2007;55(7):1044–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01226.x PMID: 17608877; PMCID: PMC2721459Jefferson A.L., Tate D.F., Poppas A., Brickman A.M., Paul R.H., Gunstad J., Cohen R.A. Lower cardiac output is associated with greater white matter hyperintensities in older adults with cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2007;55(7):1044–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01226.x PMID: 17608877; PMCID: PMC2721459Alosco M.L., Brickman A.M., Spitznagel M.B., Garcia S.L., Narkhede A., Griffith E.Y. et al. Cerebral perfusion is associated with white matter hyperintensities in older adults with heart failure. Congest. Heart Fail. 2013 Jul-Aug;19(4):E29-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/chf.12025. Epub 2013 Mar 20. PMID: 23517434; PMCID: PMC3692594Alosco M.L., Brickman A.M., Spitznagel M.B., Garcia S.L., Narkhede A., Griffith E.Y. et al. Cerebral perfusion is associated with white matter hyperintensities in older adults with heart failure. Congest. Heart Fail. 2013 Jul-Aug;19(4):E29-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/chf.12025. Epub 2013 Mar 20. PMID: 23517434; PMCID: PMC3692594Kumar R., Yadav S.K., Palomares J.A., Park B., Joshi S.H., Ogren J.A. et al. Reduced regional brain cortical thickness in patients with heart failure. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126595.Kumar R., Yadav S.K., Palomares J.A., Park B., Joshi S.H., Ogren J.A. et al. Reduced regional brain cortical thickness in patients with heart failure. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0126595.Kumar R., Woo M.A., Macey P.M., Fonarow G.C., Hamilton M.A., Harper R.M. Brain axonal and myelin evaluation in heart failure. J. Neurol. Sci. 2011;307:106–113.Kumar R., Woo M.A., Macey P.M., Fonarow G.C., Hamilton M.A., Harper R.M. Brain axonal and myelin evaluation in heart failure. J. Neurol. Sci. 2011;307:106–113.Saglietto A., Scarsoglio S., Canova D., Roatta S., Gianotto N., Piccotti A. et al. Increased beat-to-beat variability of cerebral microcirculatory perfusion during atrial fibrillation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. EP Europace. 2021;euab070. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab070Saglietto A., Scarsoglio S., Canova D., Roatta S., Gianotto N., Piccotti A. et al. Increased beat-to-beat variability of cerebral microcirculatory perfusion during atrial fibrillation: a near-infrared spectroscopy study. EP Europace. 2021;euab070. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab070Harjola V.P., Mullens W., Banaszewski M., Bauersachs J., Brunner-La Rocca H.P., Chioncel O. et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2017;19(7):821–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.872 Epub 2017 May 30. PMID: 28560717; PMCID: PMC5734941Harjola V.P., Mullens W., Banaszewski M., Bauersachs J., Brunner-La Rocca H.P., Chioncel O. et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the Acute Heart Failure Committee of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2017;19(7):821–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.872 Epub 2017 May 30. PMID: 28560717; PMCID: PMC5734941Kindermann I., Fischer D., Karbach J., Link A., Walenta K., Barth C. et al. Cognitive function in patients with decompensated heart failure: the Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure (CogImpair-HF) study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012;14(4):404–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs015 PMID: 22431406Kindermann I., Fischer D., Karbach J., Link A., Walenta K., Barth C. et al. Cognitive function in patients with decompensated heart failure: the Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure (CogImpair-HF) study. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012;14(4):404–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfs015 PMID: 22431406Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D., Bueno H., Cleland J.G., Coats A.J. et al. Authors/Task Force Members; Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2016;18(8):891–975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592 Epub 2016 May 20. PMID: 27207191Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D., Bueno H., Cleland J.G., Coats A.J. et al. Authors/Task Force Members; Document Reviewers. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2016;18(8):891–975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.592 Epub 2016 May 20. PMID: 27207191Rutledge T., Reis V.A., Linke S.E., Greenberg B.H., Mills P.J. Depression in heart failure a meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006;48(8):1527–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.055 Epub 2006 Sep 26. PMID: 17045884Rutledge T., Reis V.A., Linke S.E., Greenberg B.H., Mills P.J. Depression in heart failure a meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006;48(8):1527–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.055 Epub 2006 Sep 26. PMID: 17045884Lane D.A., Chong A.Y., Lip G.Y. Psychological interventions for depression in heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005;(1):CD003329. Published 2005 Jan 25. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003329.pub2Lane D.A., Chong A.Y., Lip G.Y. Psychological interventions for depression in heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2005;(1):CD003329. Published 2005 Jan 25. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003329.pub2Jeyanantham K., Kotecha D., Thanki D., Dekker R., Lane D.A. Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(6):731–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9640-5Jeyanantham K., Kotecha D., Thanki D., Dekker R., Lane D.A. Effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in heart failure patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2017;22(6):731–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9640-5Kim J.M., Stewart R., Lee Y.S., Lee H.J., Kim M.C., Kim J.W. et al. Effect of escitalopram vs placebo treatment for depression on long‐term cardiac outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;350–358.Kim J.M., Stewart R., Lee Y.S., Lee H.J., Kim M.C., Kim J.W. et al. Effect of escitalopram vs placebo treatment for depression on long‐term cardiac outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;350–358.Zambrano J., Celano C.M., Januzzi J.L., Massey C.N., Chung W.J., Millstein R.A., Huffman J.C. Psychiatric and Psychological Interventions for Depression in Patients With Heart Disease: A Scoping Review. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9(22):e018686. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018686 Epub 2020 Nov 7. PMID: 33164638; PMCID: PMC7763728Zambrano J., Celano C.M., Januzzi J.L., Massey C.N., Chung W.J., Millstein R.A., Huffman J.C. Psychiatric and Psychological Interventions for Depression in Patients With Heart Disease: A Scoping Review. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9(22):e018686. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018686 Epub 2020 Nov 7. PMID: 33164638; PMCID: PMC7763728Sokoreli I., de Vries J.J., Pauws S.C., Steyerberg E.W. Depression and anxiety as predictors of mortality among heart failure patients: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2016;21:49–63.Sokoreli I., de Vries J.J., Pauws S.C., Steyerberg E.W. Depression and anxiety as predictors of mortality among heart failure patients: systematic review and meta‐analysis. Heart Fail Rev. 2016;21:49–63.Celik E., Cay S., Sensoy B., Murat S., Oksuz F., Cankurt T., Ali Mendi M. Heart Failure Functional Class Associated with Depression Severity But Not Anxiety Severity. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2016;32(1):55–61. https://doi.org/10.6515/acs20150509a PMID: 27122931; PMCID: PMC4804941Celik E., Cay S., Sensoy B., Murat S., Oksuz F., Cankurt T., Ali Mendi M. Heart Failure Functional Class Associated with Depression Severity But Not Anxiety Severity. Acta Cardiol. Sin. 2016;32(1):55–61. https://doi.org/10.6515/acs20150509a PMID: 27122931; PMCID: PMC4804941Aggelopoulou Z., Fotos N.V., Chatziefstratiou A.A., Giakoumidakis K., Elefsiniotis I., Brokalaki H. The level of anxiety, depression and quality of life among patients with heart failure in Greece. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2017;34:52–56.Aggelopoulou Z., Fotos N.V., Chatziefstratiou A.A., Giakoumidakis K., Elefsiniotis I., Brokalaki H. The level of anxiety, depression and quality of life among patients with heart failure in Greece. Appl. Nurs. Res. 2017;34:52–56.Tsuchihashi‐Makaya M., Matsuo H., Kakinoki S., Takechi S., Kinugawa S., Tsutsui H. J‐HOMECARE Investigators. Home‐based disease management program to improve psychological status in patients with heart failure in Japan. Circ. J. 2013;77:926–933.Tsuchihashi‐Makaya M., Matsuo H., Kakinoki S., Takechi S., Kinugawa S., Tsutsui H. J‐HOMECARE Investigators. Home‐based disease management program to improve psychological status in patients with heart failure in Japan. Circ. J. 2013;77:926–933.Рачин А.П., Аверченкова А.А. Идебенон (Нобен) — от теории к практике. Журн. неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2011;111(5):81–84.Rachin A.P., Averchenkova A.A. Idebenone (noben) — from theory to practice. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 2011;111(5):81–84. (In Russ.)Боголепова А.Н., Коваленко Е.А. Терапия астенических и когнитивных нарушений при хронической ишемии головного мозга: возможности идебенона. Неврология Психиатрия. 2016;4(121):4–7.Bogolepova A.N., Kovalenko E.A.Treating Asthenia and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: Idebenone’s Potential. Neurology Psychiatry. 2016;4(121):4–7. (In Russ.).Обрезан А.Г., Куликов Н.В. Нейрогуморальный дисбаланс при хронической сердечной недостаточности: классические и современные позиции. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2017;(9):83–92.https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2017-9-83-92Obrezan A.G., Kulikov N.V. Neuro-humoral disbalance in chronic heart failure: classic and modern perspectives. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2017;(9):83–92. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2017-9-83-92Floras J.S. Sympathetic nervous system activation in human heart failure: clinical implications of an updated model. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54:375–385.Floras J.S. Sympathetic nervous system activation in human heart failure: clinical implications of an updated model. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54:375–385.Abboud H., Berroir S., Labreuche J., Orjuela K., Amarenco P. GENIC Investigators. Insular involvement in brain infarction increases risk for cardiac arrhythmia and death. Ann. Neurol. 2006;59(4):691–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20806 PMID: 16566012Abboud H., Berroir S., Labreuche J., Orjuela K., Amarenco P. GENIC Investigators. Insular involvement in brain infarction increases risk for cardiac arrhythmia and death. Ann. Neurol. 2006;59(4):691–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20806 PMID: 16566012Cowie M.R., Woehrle H., Wegscheider K., Angermann C., d’Ortho M.P., Erdmann E. et al. Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Central Sleep Apnea in Systolic Heart Failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015;373(12):1095–105. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506459 Epub 2015 Sep 1. PMID: 26323938; PMCID: PMC4779593Cowie M.R., Woehrle H., Wegscheider K., Angermann C., d’Ortho M.P., Erdmann E. et al. Adaptive Servo-Ventilation for Central Sleep Apnea in Systolic Heart Failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015;373(12):1095–105. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506459 Epub 2015 Sep 1. PMID: 26323938; PMCID: PMC4779593van Bilsen M., Patel H.C., Bauersachs J., Böhm M., Borggrefe M., Brutsaert D. et al. The autonomic nervous system as a therapeutic target in heart failure: a scientific position statement from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2017;19:1361–1378.van Bilsen M., Patel H.C., Bauersachs J., Böhm M., Borggrefe M., Brutsaert D. et al. The autonomic nervous system as a therapeutic target in heart failure: a scientific position statement from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2017;19:1361–1378.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.